Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots
(QDs), metal nanoparticles,
and cellulose paper are materials with numerous applications in bioanalysis
and beyond. The functional properties of QDs and metal NPs are substantially
different than those of cellulose, such that their integration with
cellulose paper is potentially enabling for many applications. Here,
we characterize and evaluate multiple chemistries that modify cellulose
paper substrates for the affinity-based immobilization of QDs, gold
nanoparticles (Au NPs), and platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). These
chemistries include grafting of cellulose fibers with imidazole and
dithiol groups, as well as the aminosilanization of cellulose fibers
(both with and without subsequent grafting with dithiol groups). Cellulose
modifications and nanoparticle immobilization are characterized by
multiple techniques, including, but not limited to, X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical imaging, extinction,
and fluorescence measurements. We demonstrate the on-paper immobilization
of color-tuned mixtures of QDs, on-paper patterning of QDs by microcontact
printing, and post-immobilization enhancement of energy transfer and
model assays of protease activity. The robustness of QD photoluminescence
is also evaluated between immobilization chemistries. Paper-immobilized
Au NPs and Pt NPs are evaluated as potential substrates for SERS and
as supported catalysts for a model decolorization reaction. Our cumulative
results indicate that there may not be a one-size-fits-all immobilization
chemistry. Instead, the immobilization chemistry should be tailored
and optimized for the downstream application.