Color perception deficits in co-existing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic tic disorders

Abstract

Summary. Preliminary findings suggest that color perception, particularly of blue-yellow stimuli, is impaired in attention-deficit=hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as in chronic tic disorders (CTD). However, these findings have been not replicated and it is unclear what these deficits mean for the comorbidity of ADHD þ CTD.Four groups (ADHD, CTD, ADHD þ CTD, controls) of children with similar age, IQ and gender distribution were investigated with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test (FMT) and the Stroop-Color-Word Task using a factorial design. Color perception deficits, as indexed by the FMT, were found for both main factors (ADHD and CTD), but there were no interaction effects. A preponderance of deficits on the blue-yellow compared to the red-green axis was detected for ADHD. In the Stroop task only the 'pure' ADHD group showed impairments in interference control and other parameters of Stroop performance. No significant correlations between any FMT parameter and color naming in the Stroop task were found. Basic color perception deficits in both ADHD and CTD could be found. Beyond that, it could be shown that these deficits are additive in the case of comorbidity (ADHD þ CTD). Performance deficits on the Stroop task were present only in the 'pure' ADHD group. Hence, the latter may be compensated in the comorbid group by good prefrontal capabilities of CTD. The influence of color perception deficits on Stroop task performance might be negligible.

Role of motor skills and visual demand for age-related deficits in dual-task walking

“…The questionnaire didn't explicitly ask for color perception deficits, however, such deficits seem not to degrade performance on word-color interference tasks. 29,30 The questionnaire also didn't ask for cognitive deficits: we deemed all subjects to be free of such deficits since they lived independently in the community, arrived without assistance in the correct room at the correct time, and followed our instructions properly. None of the subjects had participated in research on gait or cognition within the preceding six months.…”

La velocidad de denominación y su efecto en variables atencionales y errores de lectoescritura en función del diagnóstico

“…As previous research has stated, RAN/RAS naming tasks are closely related to variables involved in reading and writing processes (Arnell et al, 2009;Georgiu et al, 2009;Gasperini, Brizzolara, Cristofani, Casalini, & Chilosi, 2014) and attentional processes (Roessner et al, 2008;Stringer, Toplak, & Stanovich, 2004). This may be because naming tasks activate a series of interrelated processes which need a specified time between them.…”

“…While the existing relationship between naming colours and ADHD is in line with previous research (Roessner et al, 2008), the same cannot be said of the relationship between the alphanumeric RAN and ADHD, as the majority of studies state that deficits in the alphanumeric RAN are related specifically to the presence of reading difficulties (Pham, Fine, & Semrud-Clikeman, 2011). This may be because those studies have been carried out in opaque languages like English, rather than transparent languages such as Spanish.…”

“…Some studies indicate that depending on the nature of the stimuli used in the naming tasks, subjects demonstrate reading or attentional difficulties. It has been observed that the alphanumeric RAN (that is, tasks composed of letters or numbers) is more closely associated with reading (Pham et al, 2011), while the non-alphanumeric RAN (tasks composed of colours or objects) is associated with attentional processes (Kieling et al, 2010;Roessner et al, 2008).…”

Perception in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

“…Merely one study reported deficits for adults with ADHD along the blue spectrum only, as indicated by a significant effect of medium size (d = 0.58; Kim et al 2014b). In contrast, children with ADHD appear to have deficits in hue discrimination, especially along the blue-yellow axis (as indicated by significant effects of large size; Cohen's d ranged from 1.06 to 1.23), but they also seem to have difficulties with color discrimination along the red-green axis, as shown by significant effects of medium to large size; Cohen's d ranged from 0.75 to 0.98 (Banaschewski et al 2006;Roessner et al 2008).…”