Collection and Analysis of Chicken Urine

Coulson, E. J.; Hughes, J. S.

doi:10.3382/ps.0100058

Cited by 46 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The trial lasted 14 d, with collection of excreta the last 3 d. A correction for nitrogen retention decreased the ME of the test ingredient by 8.22 kcal/g of nitrogen retained. The value of 8.22 is the energy value of uric acid per gram of nitrogen (Coulson and Hughes, 1930). The ME values that were determined with this procedure were more repeatable than those determined as productive energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Metabolizable Energy Values Determined with Intact and Cecectomized Roosters

Latshaw

Freeland

2008

Poultry Science

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Mature White Leghorn roosters that were intact or cecectomized were used to determine the ME of a diet. Seven intact and 7 cecectomized roosters were fasted for 3 d, with total excreta collection on d 2 and 3. Approximately 1 wk after completion of the trial, the same roosters were force-fed 28 g of a diet that was 85% corn and 15% soybean meal after a 1-d fast. Excreta were collected from d 2 and 3 and dried. There was no difference in the energy and nitrogen excreted by intact and Key words: apparent metabolizable energy, true metabolizable energy, rooster

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Metabolizable Energy Values Determined with Intact and Cecectomized Roosters

Latshaw

Freeland

2008

Poultry Science

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“…The first was the 'cage method' whereby the animals were continuously observed and urine samples were collected by sucking up the urine part of the excreta from the trays at the bottom of the cage, within two minutes after excretion. The second method was the 'cloacal cannula method' (Halsema et al, 1987), a modification of the technique of Coulson and Hughes (1930).…”

Section: Design Of the Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A water deprivation test for the differentiation of polyuric disorders in birds

et al. 1988

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SUMMARYA water deprivation test was developed for the differentiation of polyuric disorders in birds using the racing pigeon as a model. For a period of 3 days of food and water deprivation, urine and plasma osmolalities and body weight of 40 clinically healthy racing pigeons were monitored. Reference values for urine osmolality after 40 hours of food deprivation were 79 to 480 mOsmol/kg. After 64 hours of food deprivation and 24 hours of water deprivation these values were 450 to 875 mOsmol/kg. No significant rise in urine osmolality was seen after the first 24 hours of water deprivation. It is concluded that an urine osmolality greater than 450 mOsmol/kg is indicative of a normal concentrating capacity of the kidney in the pigeon. Data from the literature suggest that these values can be applied to other avian species. INTRODUCTIONThe water deprivation test has proved useful in differentiating between the causes of polyuria and polydipsia (PUPD) in dogs (Joles and Mulnix, 1977). The principle of this test is to determine whether the neurohypophyseal antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) is released in response to dehydration and whether the kidneys can respond to this stimulus. With this test differentiation between central diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, primary (psychogenic) polydipsia and hyperadrenocorticism is facilitated (Joles and Mulnix, 1977). In birds arginine vasotocin (AVT) replaces AVP as the main physiological regulator of body water balance. Neurohypophysectomy in the domestic fowl results in polyuria while administration of AVT restores urine flow to normal levels (Shirley and Nalbandov, 1956).

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“…Some investigations have simply attached devices (no surgical intervention) [87] to birds or surgically exteriorized the urethral opening [88,89,90]to facilitate separate collection of faeces and urine. However, colostomy provides a better way for quantitative separation and collection of the faeces and urine from chickens and other birds [91,92,93] …”

Section: Collection Of Urine and Faecesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently an apparatus that can be adapted for separate collection of faeces and urine from cattle, sheep, goats and swine has been used with excellent success [85]. Catheterization of the urinary bladder of large female cattle, sheep, goats and swine [86,87,88] provides for quantitative collection of urine and prevents cross contamination of faeces and urine. Catheterization of the urinary bladder of small animals such as the rat is not feasible; however, through surgical intervention the ureter and the urinary bladder can be cannulated to facilitate urine collection [86].…”

Section: Collection Of Urine and Faecesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticides report 40: Bound xenobiotic in food commodities of plant and animal origin (Technical Report)

Skidmore¹,

Paulson²,

Kuiper³

et al. 1998

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Republication or reproduction of this report or its storage and/or dissemination by electronic means is permitted without the need for formal IUPAC permission on condition that an acknowledgement, withfull reference to the source along with use of the copyright symbol 0, the name IUPAC and the year of publication are prominently visible. Publication of a translation into another language is subject to the additional condition of prior approval from the relevant IUPAC National Adhering Organization. 1423Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/11/18 5:51 PM 1424 COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENTPesticides report: bound xenobiotic residues in food commodities of plant and animal origin Synopsis: In order to assess the dietary risk resulting from the use of pesticides or veterinary drugs the nature of the chemical residues on food commodities needs to be determined. Elucidation of the nature of the chemical residue is carried out using radiolabelled studies where the radiolabelled xenobiotic is applied or dosed in a manner which reflects use conditions. Food commodities are exhaustively extracted to remove the individual components of the residue. Once extracted the identity and toxicological significance of the components can be assessed and, where appropriate, analytical methods developed to quantitatively determine the amount of the components in food items.Depending on the characteristics of the components of the residue, the extraction regime may not remove all the chemical residue from the sample matrix. These residues are frequently characterised as being "bound", however the amount and nature of this residue will be highly dependant on the extraction regime used. To provide guidance and standardisation a definition of the term "bound residues" is recommended. This definition builds on a previous IUPAC definition but takes account of the current availability of enzyme systems which effectively solubilise the entire matrix rather than extracting the residue. It is also recommended that where the extraction falls short of the full definition then the residues should be termed as "unextractable" and the conditions of the extraction should also be defined .Where residues are bound the assessment of the dietary risk cannot be directly assessed thus raising issues relating to the significance of the bound residue. The overall toxicological significance of a bound residue will depend primarily on its bioavailability and the level of exposure. In order to determine the bioavailability, study design is crucial in order to perform a critical safety assessment. THE IUPAC COMMISSION ON AGROCHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS1) The revised definition for what constitutes a bound residue should be adopted.A xenobiotic bound residue is a residue which is associated with one or more classes of endogenous macromolecules. It cannot be dis-associated from the natural macro molecule using exhaustive extraction or digestion without significantly changing the nature of either the exocon or the...

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Collection and Analysis of Chicken Urine

Cited by 46 publications

References 7 publications

Metabolizable Energy Values Determined with Intact and Cecectomized Roosters

Metabolizable Energy Values Determined with Intact and Cecectomized Roosters

A water deprivation test for the differentiation of polyuric disorders in birds

Pesticides report 40: Bound xenobiotic in food commodities of plant and animal origin (Technical Report)

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