Collagen biomineralization: pathways, mechanisms, and thermodynamics

Molecular dynamic simulation of prenucleation of apatite at a type I collagen template: ion association and mineralization control

“…Understanding the collagen assisted mineralization mechanism from microscopic scale is important for tissue engineering. [11][12][13][14]17,18 In the human body, there are over 20 types of collagens that differ in terms of function and amino acid sequence. Collagen is a triple-helical protein structure that serves as a bone scaffold.…”

“…Understanding the collagen assisted mineralization mechanism from microscopic scale is important for tissue engineering. 11–14,17,18…”

Molecular investigations of the prenucleation mechanism of bone-like apatite assisted by type I collagen nanofibrils: insights into intrafibrillar mineralization

“…[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] It should be pointed out here that the initial step related to the biomineralization of bone-like apatite within collagen fibrils is one of the fundamental physical and chemical problems, such as the precipitation of calcium phosphate salts. 22 Clearly, from a microscopic perspective, the interactions between such ions and the collagen structure are key to understanding the mechanism of biomineralization.…”

Liquid Transmission Electron Microscopy for Probing Collagen Biomineralization

“…Second, the current enclosure has no heating functionality to mimic physiological conditions in which collagen biomineralization occurs at 37 °C. Thermodynamics play a key role in calcium phosphate mineral nucleation and particle growth rates, as summarized in detail by Sorokina et al 59 Energy transferred thermodynamically into a system by heat contributes to the control of nucleation and growth, affects the diffusion of mineralization products, and influencess the thermodynamic stability of prenucleation and ACP phases present in the system. 59 Considering the colder vacuum TEM environment, this may have delayed mineralization within the enclosures, nearly halting reactions from progressing and limiting dynamics.…”