Coinfection withAnaplasma phagocytophilumAltersBorrelia burgdorferiPopulation Distribution in C3H/HeN Mice

Holden, Kevin; Hodzic, Emir; Shao, Feng; Freet, Kimberly J.; Lefebvre, Rance B; Barthold, Stephen W.

doi:10.1128/iai.73.6.3440-3444.2005

Cited by 59 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…No evidence of interaction between the agents of LD and human anaplasmosis among I. scapularis ticks was found with regard to acquiring or transmitting these infections (113). A murine model of coinfection, however, reveals that dual infection with B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum alters immune responses and increases the pathogen burden, such that an increased bacterial burden resulted in increased pathogen transmission to the vector (87,209).…”

Section: Transmission Dynamics Of Coinfections Among Ticks and Reservmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…These findings suggest that dual infection may modulate host immune responses, such that an increased spirochete burden results in more-severe Lyme arthritis. A similar study of coinfection among C3H/HeN mice evaluated the population distribution of tick-transmitted B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum infection by quantitative PCR of multiple organ tissues as well as by serologic responses to both agents (87). Among coinfected animals, spirochete numbers increased in multiple tissues but Anaplasma numbers remained constant.…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Immunologic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coinfections Acquired from Ixodes Ticks

et al. 2006

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SUMMARY The pathogens that cause Lyme disease (LD), human anaplasmosis, and babesiosis can coexist in Ixodes ticks and cause human coinfections. Although the risk of human coinfection differs by geographic location, the true prevalence of coinfecting pathogens among Ixodes ticks remains largely unknown for the majority of geographic locations. The prevalence of dually infected Ixodes ticks appears highest among ticks from regions of North America and Europe where LD is endemic, with reported prevalences of ≤28%. In North America and Europe, the majority of tick-borne coinfections occur among humans with diagnosed LD. Humans coinfected with LD and babesiosis appear to have more intense, prolonged symptoms than those with LD alone. Coinfected persons can also manifest diverse, influenza-like symptoms, and abnormal laboratory test results are frequently observed. Coinfecting pathogens might alter the efficiency of transmission, cause cooperative or competitive pathogen interactions, and alter disease severity among hosts. No prospective studies to assess the immunologic effects of coinfection among humans have been conducted, but animal models demonstrate that certain coinfections can modulate the immune response. Clinicians should consider the likelihood of coinfection when pursuing laboratory testing or selecting therapy for patients with tick-borne illness.

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Section: Transmission Dynamics Of Coinfections Among Ticks and Reservmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Pathogenesis and Immunologic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coinfections Acquired from Ixodes Ticks

et al. 2006

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“…In case of patients in North America and Europe, dual infection with B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum may result in more severe disease outcome than infection with either agent alone [11,19,25]. Notably, co-infection with B. burgdorferi and A. phagocytophilum is known to enhance inflammatory chemokine, cytokine and matrix metalloprotease expression in human brain microvascular endothelial cells [4], and the spirochete numbers were elevated in co-infected mice [5]. In Asia, Cao and colleagues [2] reported the prevalence of B.…”

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Lyme Borrelia in Ixodes persulcatus Ticks from an Area with a Confirmed Case of Lyme Disease

et al. 2013

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ABSTRACT. In this study, the prevalence of Borrelia infections in Ixodes ticks from a site in Hokkaido, Japan, with confirmed cases of Lyme disease was determined by a PCR method capable of detecting and differentiating between strains of pathogenic Borrelia, with particular emphasis on Borrelia garinii (B. garinii) and Borrelia afzelli (B. afzelli), using tick-derived DNA extracts as template. A total of 338 ticks, inclusive of 284 Ixodes persulcatus (I. persulcatus), were collected by flagging vegetation in mid-spring. Ninety-eight (34.5%) of I. persulcatus tested positive for Borrelia species DNA, whereas the overall prevalence of Borrelia species in Ixodes ovatus and Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks was 19.5 and 7.7%, respectively. PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis of Borrelia rrf(5S)-rrl(23S) intergenic spacer DNA amplicons indicated that they originated from three different Borrelia species namely, B. garinii, B. afzelii and B. japonica. Among the I. persulcatus species, which is a known vector of human borreliosis, 86 were mono-infected with B. garinii, 2 ticks were mono-infected with B. afzelii and whereas 12 ticks had dual infections. Most significant, 11 of the I. persulcatus ticks were coinfected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and B. garinii. The difference between the number of obtained and expected co-infections was significant (χ 2 =4.32, P=0.038).

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“…Consistent with this scenario, coinfections with B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum in vertebrate hosts, as well as in ticks, are typically more common than expected from just random co-occurrence (reviewed by Nieto and Foley in 2009 [13]). The reason for the higher incidence of coinfections might be that A. phagocytophilum modifies the immune responses and thereby causes sensitivity to B. burgdorferi infection, as has been experimentally demonstrated (14,15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection Dynamics of the Tick-Borne Pathogen “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” and Coinfections with Borrelia afzelii in Bank Voles in Southern Sweden

Andersson

Scherman

Råberg

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The tick-borne bacterium "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" has recently been recognized as a human pathogen. Together with Borrelia afzelii, it is one of the most common pathogens found in the tick Ixodes ricinus. Here, we compared the epidemiologies of "Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis" and B. afzelii by longitudinal sampling from May to September in one of their most abundant vertebrate hosts, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), using real-time PCR for detection and quantification. The prevalences of "Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis" and B. afzelii were determined to be 19% (50/261) and 22% (56/261), respectively. The prevalence of "Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis" increased significantly during the sampling season. The clearance rate of "Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis" was significantly higher than that of B. afzelii. We found a high frequency of double infections; 46% of all samples infected with "Ca. Neoehrlichia mikurensis" also had a coinfection with B. afzelii. The frequency of coinfections was significantly higher than expected from the prevalence of each pathogen. The high level of coinfections can be caused by interactions between the pathogens or might reflect variation in general susceptibility among voles.

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Coinfection withAnaplasma phagocytophilumAltersBorrelia burgdorferiPopulation Distribution in C3H/HeN Mice

Cited by 59 publications

References 34 publications

Coinfections Acquired from Ixodes Ticks

Coinfections Acquired from Ixodes Ticks

Prevalence of Lyme Borrelia in <i>Ixodes persulcatus</i> Ticks from an Area with a Confirmed Case of Lyme Disease

Infection Dynamics of the Tick-Borne Pathogen “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis” and Coinfections with Borrelia afzelii in Bank Voles in Southern Sweden

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