Cognitive reserve is not associated with improved performance in all cognitive domains

Lavrencic, Louise; Churches, Owen; Keage, Hannah A.D.

doi:10.1080/23279095.2017.1329146

Cited by 41 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…CR has been measured by factors such as premorbid intelligence quotient (IQ), years of education, complexity of occupation, and composites of hobbies and leisure activities (Jones et al, 2011). It is well known that older adults with a higher level of education show better global and detailed neuropsychological function (Thow et al, 2017;Groot et al, 2018;Gu et al, 2018;Lavrencic et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2019;Zarantonello et al, 2020) than those with lower education levels. Healthy lifestyle, including cognitive, social, and physical activities, has also been positively correlated with global cognition (Clare et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Reserve, Leisure Activity, and Neuropsychological Profile in the Early Stage of Cognitive Decline

Lee

Kang

Kim

et al. 2020

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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In older adults with normal cognition, cognitive reserve (CR) is known to be associated with the neuropsychological profile. We investigated the association between comprehensive CR and detailed neuropsychological profile in the early stage of cognitive decline. Fifty-five participants with mild cognitive impairment or subjective cognitive decline completed the cognitive reserve index questionnaire (CRIq) that yielded total, education, working activity, and leisure time scores (CRI-Total, CRI-Education, CRI-Working activity, and CRI-Leisure time, respectively). Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and detailed neuropsychological evaluation were performed. Psychiatric symptom scales were applied to measure depression, apathy, positive or negative affect, and quality of life. Correlation and linear regression analyses of the variables were performed. The effect of CR-Education, CRI-Working activity, and CRI-Leisure time on the composite cognitive score was determined using a multivariable regression model. We observed that for CRI-Total (B = 3.00, p = 0.005), CRI-Education (B = 3.39, p = 0.002), and CRI-Leisure time (B = 2.56, p = 0.015), CR correlated with MMSE scores, while only CRI-Leisure time associated with the naming ability (B = 2.20, p = 0.033) in the detailed neuropsychological test results of the participants. Multivariable regression model also indicated that among CRI subscores, CRI-Leisure time directly affects the composite cognitive score (β = 0.32, p = 0.011). We found that in the early stage of cognitive decline in older adults, comprehensive CR was associated with global cognition, and only leisure activity was identified to be associated with the detailed neuropsychological profile including naming ability. These results may imply the positive effect of leisure activity on cognitive function in the early stages of cognitive decline.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Reserve, Leisure Activity, and Neuropsychological Profile in the Early Stage of Cognitive Decline

Lee

Kang

Kim

et al. 2020

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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“…A meta-analysis conducted by Opdebeeck and colleagues (Opdebeeck et al, 2016) indicated that there are specific cognitive processes that might be related either to a composite score for CR, or to specific CR proxies (e.g., education, working activity or social activity). Furthermore, it has been found that CR is associated with working memory, verbal memory, executive functions, verbal fluency and verbal interference tasks (Lavrencic, Churches, & Keage, 2017), but no relationship has been shown between processing speed and CR. Such results only partially support our findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent meta-analysis conducted by Opdebeeck, Martyr and Clare (2016) has indicated that in healthy seniors there is an association between CR and cognitive performance in memory, executive functions, working memory, visuospatial abilities, language tasks, and with level of IQ. However, there is very little evidence on the relationship between CR and "fluid" cognitive functions (Baltes, 1999), such as processing speed and reaction times (Lavrencic, Churches, & Keage, 2017;Ritchie, Bates, Der, Starr, & Deary, 2013), episodic memory, working memory or executive functions (Thow et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Performance in Healthy Latvian Seniors

Šneidere

Montemurro

Mondini

et al. 2018

SIE

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In the next 30 years, a significant increase of the population aged over 65 is expected (WHO, 2015). Ageing can often be associated with cognitive decline; however, recent research indicates that symptoms of age-related cognitive impairment are modulated by Cognitive Reserve (CR), which derives from level of education, working activity, and social activity (Tucker & Stern, 2011). The role of CR in neurodegenerative disease has been extensively researched, but little is known about its contribution to normal ageing. Fifty-four healthy Latvian seniors were recruited for the study. We assessed simple and complex reaction times, associative memory, memory retrieval, attention, working memory. Furthermore, we quantified their CR. We analysed the relationship between CR and reaction times with two separate logistic regressions. Then, four linear regression models were built to analyse the relationship between CR and the scores on the cognitive tasks. CR was not related to the cognitive performance of healthy Latvian seniors. Such results indicate that CR resources may be mostly required when high-demanding tasks have to be performed.

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“…The findings, suggesting that immersive exergaming may promote neuroplasticity and enhance domain-specific cognitive reserves (i.e., inhibition and task switching), also support the argument that the effects of cognitive reserve on cognitive performance may vary across individual cognitive domains. 40,41 This study has both theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, this study adds to the literature that investigates the characteristics of exergames and improvement of executive functions.…”

Section: Exergaming Cognitive Functions 147mentioning

confidence: 98%

Exergaming Executive Functions: An Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Training for Adults Aged 50 and Older

Huang

2020

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

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Prior research suggests that both exergaming and virtual reality (VR)-based training programs could improve executive functions in older adults. However, few studies investigated whether combining exergaming with VR would be more effective. This study seeks to (a) investigate whether playing exergames in an immersive virtual environment (IVE) would yield differential outcomes in selected executive functions, including inhibition, task switching, and working, and (b) examine the role of feeling of presence as a potential mediator between immersive exergaming and cognitive improvement in specific domains. Thirty-three participants over 50 years of age (mean age = 62) participated in a 4-week training program and were randomly assigned into an IVE and non-IVE to play an exergame (Fruit Ninja) for eight sessions within 4 weeks. The results revealed a significant effect of the IVE on the Stroop Test and Trail Making Test after the 4-week training. Furthermore, the impacts of the IVE exergaming on these two tasks were mediated by the feeling of presence. These findings suggested that the immersive experience of exergaming would elicit the feeling of presence, which later contributes to improved cognitive performances in inhibition and task switching. For the theoretical implications, this study extends previous research by showing that (a) feeling of presence could contribute to older adults' cognitive improvement, and (b) the impacts of immersive exergame training on executive functions vary across individual domains. Additionally, this study provides practical implications such that the design of exergames could emphasize the game features requiring mental simulation, which can serve as a novel strategy for preventing cognitive decline in midlife and old age.

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Cognitive reserve is not associated with improved performance in all cognitive domains

Cited by 41 publications

References 31 publications

Cognitive Reserve, Leisure Activity, and Neuropsychological Profile in the Early Stage of Cognitive Decline

Cognitive Reserve, Leisure Activity, and Neuropsychological Profile in the Early Stage of Cognitive Decline

Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Performance in Healthy Latvian Seniors

Exergaming Executive Functions: An Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Training for Adults Aged 50 and Older

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