Cognitive reserve and the risk for Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study

Serra, Laura; Musicco, Massimo; Cercignani, Mara; Torso, Mario; Spanò, Barbara; Mastropasqua, Chiara; Giulietti, Giovanni; Marra, Camillo; Bruno, Giuseppe; Koch, Giacomo; Caltagirone, Carlo; Bozzali, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.010

Cited by 43 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Also Stern et al [11] suggested that the risk of developing AD was stronger in subjects with both low education and low lifetime attainment, supporting a synergic effect of education and occupation. Previous studies reported that high level of leisure activities performed during life whether cognitive, social and also physical; reduce the risk of developing dementia [5,[25][26][27]. The following leisure activities are considered "reserve-builders": 1) Cognitive activities, such as reading books, reading magazines and newspapers, producing art (e.g., painting, poetry, sculpture, song writing), produce non-artistic writing (e.g., diary, newsletter, etc.…”

Section: Static and Dynamic Reserve's Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following leisure activities are considered "reserve-builders": 1) Cognitive activities, such as reading books, reading magazines and newspapers, producing art (e.g., painting, poetry, sculpture, song writing), produce non-artistic writing (e.g., diary, newsletter, etc. ), attending lectures or organized discussions [5,25,27,28].…”

Section: Static and Dynamic Reserve's Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), participating in hobbies (e.g., gardening, model building, sewing, etc. ), volunteering, entertaining friends or relatives [5,25,27,28].…”

Section: Static and Dynamic Reserve's Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3) Physical activities, such as running, trekking, swimming, biking, skiing, dancing, yoga, etc [5,25,27,28]. In addition, healthy life styles, such as Mediterranean diet, responsible drinking, limiting caffeine, nicotine and avoids big-meals, sleep hygiene, etc., are considered important reserve-enhancing factors.…”

Section: Static and Dynamic Reserve's Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals engaged in frequent cognitive activities such as reading, watching television or card playing were less likely to develop AD than subjects with infrequent activities [30]. More recently, an increased risk to develop AD in amnesic MCI (a-MCI) patients with low CR level was shown, by using a comprehensive questionnaire investigating cognitive, social, physical leisure activities, education and occupation [27]. In addition, this study revealed that a-MCI patients with high CR and high baseline general cognitive efficiency (as measured by MMSE), showed a significant difference in the survival's time compared to patients with high CR but low baseline MMSE.…”

Section: Static and Dynamic Reserve's Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive reserve: the evolution of the conceptual framework

Serra¹,

Caltagirone²,

Bozzali³

2017

J Syst Integr Neurosci

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Brain and Cognitive reserve concept is a theoretical general framework introduced to explain individual differences to withstand brain damages. Several behavioural and neuroimaging studies support the evidence that lifestyles act on brain plasticity modulating the impact of neurological insults. However, once that AD is clinically evident, the protective benefits of premorbid experience are assumed to be substantially decreased. This review presents an overview of the principal literature focused on reserve mechanisms. The evolution of the conceptual framework is considered, passing from brain and cognitive to neural reserve's hypothesis. Interactions between reserve mechanisms and AD-related biomarkers are reported. In particular this review is focussed on the neuroimaging (MRI) studies. MRI provides the opportunity to investigate in vivo structural and functional brain changes. Several studies reported here assessed the impact of reserves on brain resilience. Literature supports the hypothesis that reserves impact on neurodegenerative process in the early phase of AD. Moreover, studies fit with the existence of a "neural reserve", characterised by specific neural networks and their efficiency. It remains to be demonstrated whether interventions later in life can modulate this brain resilience.

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Section: Static and Dynamic Reserve's Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Static and Dynamic Reserve's Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), participating in hobbies (e.g., gardening, model building, sewing, etc. ), volunteering, entertaining friends or relatives [5,25,27,28].…”

Section: Static and Dynamic Reserve's Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Static and Dynamic Reserve's Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Static and Dynamic Reserve's Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Cognitive reserve: the evolution of the conceptual framework

Serra¹,

Caltagirone²,

Bozzali³

2017

J Syst Integr Neurosci

Self Cite

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Cognitive resilience/reserve: Myth or reality? A review of definitions and measurement methods

Pappalettera,

Carrarini,

Miraglia

et al. 2024

Alzheimer's & Dementia

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INTRODUCTIONThis review examines the concept of cognitive reserve (CR) in relation to brain aging, particularly in the context of dementia and its early stages. CR refers to an individual's ability to maintain or regain cognitive function despite brain aging, damage, or disease. Various factors, including education, occupation complexity, leisure activities, and genetics are believed to influence CR.METHODSWe revised the literature in the context of CR. A total of 842 articles were identified, then we rigorously assessed the relevance of articles based on titles and abstracts, employing a systematic approach to eliminate studies that did not align with our research objectives.RESULTSWe evaluate—also in a critical way—the methods commonly used to define and measure CR, including sociobehavioral proxies, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological and genetic measures. The challenges and limitations of these measures are discussed, emphasizing the need for more targeted research to improve the understanding, definition, and measurement of CR.CONCLUSIONSThe review underscores the significance of comprehending CR in the context of both normal and pathological brain aging and emphasizes the importance of further research to identify and enhance this protective factor for cognitive preservation in both healthy and neurologically impaired older individuals.Highlights This review examines the concept of cognitive reserve in brain aging, in the context of dementia and its early stages. We have evaluated the methods commonly used to define and measure cognitive reserve. Sociobehavioral proxies, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological and genetic measures are discussed. The review emphasizes the importance of further research to identify and enhance this protective factor for cognitive preservation.

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Machine learning approaches to studying the role of cognitive reserve in conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia

Facal

Valladares-Rodríguez

Lojo‐Seoane

et al. 2019

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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Objectives The overall aim of the present study was to explore the role of cognitive reserve (CR) in the conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. We used traditional and machine learning (ML) techniques to compare converter and nonconverter participants. We also discuss the predictive value of CR proxies in relation to the ML model performance. Methods In total, 169 participants completed the longitudinal study. Participants were divided into a control group and three MCI subgroups, according to the Petersen criteria for diagnosis. Information about the participants was compared using nine ML classification techniques. Seven relevant performance metrics were computed in order to evaluate the accuracy of prediction regarding converter and nonconverter participants. Results ML algorithms applied to socio‐demographic, basic health, and CR proxy data enabled prediction of conversion to dementia. The best performing models were the gradient boosting classifier (accuracy (ACC) = 0.93; F1 = 0.86, and Cohen κ = 0.82) and random forest classifier (ACC = 0.92; F1 = 0.79, and Cohen κ = 0.71). Use of ML techniques corroborated the protective role of CR as a mediator of conversion to dementia, whereby participants with more years of education and higher vocabulary scores survived longer without developing dementia. Conclusions We used ML approaches to explore the role of CR in conversion from MCI to dementia. The findings indicate the potential value of ML algorithms for detecting risk of conversion to dementia in cognitive aging and CR studies. Further research is required to develop an ML‐based procedure that can be used to make robust predictions.

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Cognitive reserve and the risk for Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study

Cited by 43 publications

References 42 publications

Cognitive reserve: the evolution of the conceptual framework

Cognitive reserve: the evolution of the conceptual framework

Cognitive resilience/reserve: Myth or reality? A review of definitions and measurement methods

Machine learning approaches to studying the role of cognitive reserve in conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia

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