Cognitive manifestations of drinking–smoking associations: Preliminary findings with a cross-primed Stroop task

Oliver, Jason A.; Drobes, David J.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.010

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…Taken together, these findings extend prior research showing that heavier drinking is a risk factor for both smoking and relapse back to smoking relapse (Kahler et al, 2010; Koçak et al, 2015; Leeman et al, 2008; McClure, Wetter, de Moor, Cinciripini, & Gritz, 2002). Findings are also consistent with recent evidence that implicit smoking-drinking associations are strongest among heavier drinkers (Oliver & Drobes, 2015). This result suggests a tendency for smokers with proclivity toward heavy alcohol use and alcohol-related problems to seek alcohol preferentially in the context of cigarette deprivation, and a possible cognitive mechanism linking smoking (or lack thereof) and heavier drinking behavior together.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…However, this finding is not unlike those reported in previous studies. Oliver and Drobes (2015) found that the association between implicit smoking and drinking cognitions was strongest among respondents with greater levels of alcohol use and dependence. Ostafin and Palfai (2006) also found that binge drinking, but not alcohol frequency, quantity, or consequences of use were correlated with alcohol-approach IAT scores in 88 hazardous drinking college students (score of 8 or higher on the AUDIT).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The pictures for alcohol were based on participant’s preferred beverage type (beer, liquor, or wine). Images and words in the present study were drawn from stimuli used in previous studies of implicit motivations toward drinking (Cohn et al, 2012; Cohn et al, 2014; Palfai & Ostafin, 2003) and cue reactivity to smoking (Ariel, Oliver, Brandon, & Drobes, 2014; Brandon et al, 2011; Carter et al, 2006; Drobes, 2002; Oliver & Drobes, 2015) that have been shown to elicit craving. Images were selected so that objects could be easily identified and categorized (see Appendix).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship of nicotine deprivation and indices of alcohol use behavior to implicit alcohol and cigarette approach cognitions in smokers

Cohn

Ehlke

Cobb

2017

Addictive Behaviors

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Alcohol and smoking frequently co-occur and alcohol is a primary trigger for smoking behavior and relapse back to smoking. This study examined whether several indices of alcohol use behavior and consequences of use would be associated with changes in implicit alcohol-approach versus implicit cigarette-approach cognitions under cigarette deprived and non-deprived cognitions in a 109 smokers who drank at risky or non-risky levels. An Implicit Association Task (IAT) measured how quickly respondents paired alcohol and cigarette pictures with approach and avoid words. Regression analyses examined the associations of quantity/frequency, proportion heavy drinking days, number of DSM-IV alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms, and risky drinking status to IAT scores under deprived conditions, controlling for IAT order effects, non-deprived IAT score, and deprived cigarette craving and withdrawal. Interactions with craving and withdrawal intensity were also examined. Results showed a significant positive association between proportion of heavy drinking days and stronger alcohol-approach than cigarette-approach motivations when deprived. There was also a conditional association of AUD symptoms to alcohol-approach motivations among respondents reporting more intense withdrawal when deprived. Alcohol quantity and frequency, as well as risky drinking status were unrelated to change in IAT scores. Findings suggest that cigarette deprivation may magnify motivation to drink, rather than smoke, among smokers who engage in more frequent bouts of heavy drinking and who report more alcohol-related problems. Results also show relative momentary and unconscious “preference” or choice for alcohol over cigarettes in some high-risk smokers, when cigarette craving and withdrawal are high.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship of nicotine deprivation and indices of alcohol use behavior to implicit alcohol and cigarette approach cognitions in smokers

Cohn

Ehlke

Cobb

2017

Addictive Behaviors

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“…In a modified Drug Stroop task, response time to smoking words was slower following alcohol priming words relative to neutral words. 42 In future studies, cigarette AB should be assessed independently of cocaine AB. A larger sample size would facilitate further analysis of individual differences and enable broader conclusions to be drawn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Cue Attentional Bias in Cocaine-Smoking and Non-Cocaine-Using Cigarette Smokers

Marks

Alcorn

Stoops

et al. 2016

NICTOB

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Introduction: Cigarette smoking in cocaine users is nearly four times higher than the national prevalence and cocaine use increases cigarette smoking. The mechanisms underlying cigarette smoking in cocaine-using individuals need to be identified to promote cigarette and cocaine abstinence. Previous studies have examined the salience of cigarette and cocaine cues separately. The present aim was to determine whether cigarette attentional bias (AB) is higher in cigarettes smokers who smoke cocaine relative to individuals who only smoke cigarettes. Methods: Twenty cigarette smokers who smoke cocaine and 20 non-cocaine-using cigarette smokers completed a visual probe task with eye-tracking technology. During this task, the magnitude of cigarette and cocaine AB was assessed through orienting bias, fixation time, and response time. Results: Cocaine users displayed an orienting bias towards cigarette cues. Cocaine users also endorsed a more urgent desire to smoke to relieve negative affect associated with cigarette craving than non-cocaine users (g = 0.6). Neither group displayed a cigarette AB, as measured by fixation time. Cocaine users, but not non-cocaine users, displayed a cocaine AB as measured by orienting bias (g = 2.0) and fixation time (g = 1.2). There were no significant effects for response time data. Conclusions: Cocaine-smoking cigarettes smokers display an initial orienting bias toward cigarette cues, but not sustained cigarette AB. The incentive motivation underlying cigarette smoking also differs. Cocaine smokers report more urgent desire to smoke to relieve negative affect. Identifying differences in motivation to smoke cigarettes may provide new treatment targets for cigarette and cocaine use disorders. Implications: These results suggest that cocaine-smoking cigarette smokers display an initial orienting bias towards cigarette cues, but not sustained attention towards cigarette cues, relative to non-cocaine-using smokers. Smoked cocaine users also report a more urgent desire to smoke to relieve negative affect than non-cocaine users. Identifying differences in motivation to smoke cigarettes may provide new treatment targets for both cigarette and cocaine use disorders.

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“…For example, the sight of cigarettes and an ashtray may provoke craving for alcohol, and the smell of an alcoholic beverage may increase the urge to smoke. Indeed, cross-cue reactivity (alcohol and smoking picture primes) has demonstrated delayed response latencies to both alcohol- and smoking-related words (21). It is established that cue-induced alcohol craving or craving to smoke may provoke increased drug use and promote relapse to drinking or smoking.…”

Section: Craving In the Human Laboratorymentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of alcohol and tobacco/nicotine interactions in the human laboratory

Verplaetse

McKee

2016

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

121

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Alcohol use disorders and tobacco use contribute significant risk to the global burden of disease, and each are major public health concerns. Together, alcohol and tobacco use are highly comorbid and have multiplicative health risks when used concurrently, underscoring the importance of examining alcohol-tobacco interactions in the human laboratory. The aims of this review were to summarize the state of research examining alcohol-tobacco interactions in the human laboratory, including 1) craving in drinkers and smokers exposed to smoking or drinking cues, 2) fixed-dosing of alcohol or nicotine in smokers and drinkers, and 3) smoking and alcohol influences on selfadministration behaviors. The interactive effects of tobacco/nicotine with other drugs of abuse are also briefly discussed. Overall, results identified that alcohol and tobacco have reciprocal influences on potentiating craving, subjective responses to fixed-dose alcohol or nicotine administration, and self-administration. The literature identified that alcohol increases craving to smoke, decreases time to initiate smoking, and increases smoking self-administration. Similarly, tobacco and nicotine increase alcohol craving, decrease subjective effects of alcohol, and increase alcohol consumption. Future studies should continue to focus on alcohol and tobacco/nicotine interactions in individuals with a wide scope of drinking and smoking histories, different states of alcohol and nicotine deprivation, and influences of either drug on craving, subjective responses, and consumption over the course of the blood alcohol curve. This work could have important implications for the impact of alcohol-tobacco interactions on guiding clinical practice, as well as in the changing landscape of addiction.

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Cognitive manifestations of drinking–smoking associations: Preliminary findings with a cross-primed Stroop task

Cited by 13 publications

References 72 publications

Relationship of nicotine deprivation and indices of alcohol use behavior to implicit alcohol and cigarette approach cognitions in smokers

Relationship of nicotine deprivation and indices of alcohol use behavior to implicit alcohol and cigarette approach cognitions in smokers

Cigarette Cue Attentional Bias in Cocaine-Smoking and Non-Cocaine-Using Cigarette Smokers

An overview of alcohol and tobacco/nicotine interactions in the human laboratory

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