Cognitive and Social Changes in the Feebleminded—three Further Studies

Clarke, Alan; Clarke, Ann M.; Reiman, Sarah

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1958.tb00650.x

Cited by 66 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The migration of the term resilience from mechanics, manufacturing and medicine to the social sciences began in a small way the 1950s (Clarke et al, 1958). The use of the term "resilience" in the developmental psychopathology of children owes much to the work of the American psychiatrist Norman Garmezy (1918Garmezy ( -2009.…”

Section: Social Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey

Alexander

2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

892

410

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Abstract. This paper examines the development over historical time of the meaning and uses of the term resilience. The objective is to deepen our understanding of how the term came to be adopted in disaster risk reduction and resolve some of the conflicts and controversies that have arisen when it has been used. The paper traces the development of resilience through the sciences, humanities, and legal and political spheres. It considers how mechanics passed the word to ecology and psychology, and how from there it was adopted by social research and sustainability science. As other authors have noted, as a concept, resilience involves some potentially serious conflicts or contradictions, for example between stability and dynamism, or between dynamic equilibrium (homeostasis) and evolution. Moreover, although the resilience concept works quite well within the confines of general systems theory, in situations in which a systems formulation inhibits rather than fosters explanation, a different interpretation of the term is warranted. This may be the case for disaster risk reduction, which involves transformation rather than preservation of the "state of the system". The article concludes that the modern conception of resilience derives benefit from a rich history of meanings and applications, but that it is dangerous -or at least potentially disappointing -to read to much into the term as a model and a paradigm. Sagitta in lapidem numquam figitur, interdum resiliens percutit dirigentem.

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Section: Social Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey

Alexander

2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

892

410

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“…For example, a child from a disorganized or depriving home would find the institution a relatively stimulating place by comparison (2). In the present study IQ changes in the Institutional Sample did not relate to the families' initial overall level of functioning nor to their change in functioning over the year.…”

Section: Changes In Child Functioningmentioning

confidence: 60%

The Effects on the Family of the Presence of a Mentally Retarded Child

Fotheringham

Skelton²,

Hoddinott

1972

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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This study conceptualizes the presence of a retarded child within a family as constituting a stress which the family attempts to cope with by bringing its resources to bear on the problem. If the stress proves too great for the family's coping mechanism institutionalization may be sought. The Institutional Sample families did not appreciably improve over the year following the removal of their child; while the Community Sample showed signs of deterioration, particularly in the areas of sibling functioning. The follow-up findings could be interpreted in two ways to support alternate biases with regard to hospitalization. Those who are generally against institutionalization for the retarded, believing that young children should remain in their own homes if possible, may view the lack of improvement in the functioning of the institutional families after the child was removed as an indication that these families should be encouraged to remain intact. In order to achieve this goal every effort would need to be made to strengthen, shore up and assist these families to cope with their retarded member or, where necessary, to supply the child with a new home (a foster or adoptive family). Those who generally favour institutionalization for the retarded may interpret the evidence of the decreased functioning of the community families who kept their child at home as supporting the need for the wholesale hospitalization of retarded persons. This was advocated by Goddard in his study of the Kallikaks (10). In the former approach the focus is on the welfare of the retarded child and in the latter the emphasis is on the welfare of the family and society. Is it not possible to stop playing ‘either/or’ and consider both? There are frequent occasions when a child needs to be separated from his family for their benefit or his and where an alternate family (foster or adoptive) cannot be found. Must the choice be between forcing the family to keep him and allowing the family functioning to deteriorate, or removing the child to a large impersonal institution? Lorimer Lodge, which has cared for young retarded women for over a hundred years and also the Harold Lawson Residence for trainable retarded children aged 6–12 years (both operated by the Metropolitan Toronto Association for the Mentally Retarded), the work of Jean Vanier in France and Glen Lowther in Winnipeg on community homes for retarded adults all demonstrate viable alternatives to institutionalization. It is becoming imperative that more adequate and humane alternatives be found than the present impersonal and huge institutions for those retarded persons who require, or could benefit from, an out-of-home living arrangement. This will require a major shift in emphasis, planning and responsibility. At present in Ontario the local Association for the Mentally Retarded is the main moving force in the building of community residences. Considering the magnitude of the need, progress has been slow and such agencies as the Children's Aid Society need to set up residences, possibly in conjunction with the local Association for the Mentally Retarded. This study may be interpreted as supporting the contention that to have a retarded child in the home is an added stress on the family. Follow-up of families who responded to this stress by institutionalizing their retarded children suggests that in many instances this is not the ideal answer to the problem for the family or for the child, but that a more complex variety of solutions is needed.

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“…A corresponding developmental pattern has been demonstrated in a similarly designed follow-up study of former EMR-children (Svendsen, 1982). * Several studies have demonstrated IQ gains in mentally retarded persons who have been removed from a traumatic and an unstimulating environment (Clarke and Clarke, 1954;Clarke et aL, 1958;Skeels, 1966;Koluchova, 1972;Clarke and Clarke, 1976). In these studies the time interval between test and retest has been relatively short as compared to the present study, where IQ in childhood is compared to IQin adult age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Factors Related to Changes in Iq: A Follow‐up Study of Former Slow Learners*

Svendsen¹

1983

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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A group of 41 former slow learners were tested as children and at the age of 30 years. Information about family and personal problems met during childhood was available from the local school files and also by an interview at the age of 30 years. Changes in IQ were associated with the problem score and further education after leaving the compulsory school system. The group of subjects with the greater number of problems and further education improved their IQ scores by 18.1 points, against 5.0 points in the group with one or no problems and without further education.

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Cognitive and Social Changes in the Feebleminded—three Further Studies

Cited by 66 publications

References 5 publications

Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey

Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey

The Effects on the Family of the Presence of a Mentally Retarded Child

Factors Related to Changes in Iq: A Follow‐up Study of Former Slow Learners*

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