Coexpression and evolution of the two sarcomeric actin genes in vertebrates

Evolution of the chordate muscle actin gene

“…The coexpression of cardiac and skeletal actins in the same adult tissues is analogous to what is found in vertebrates (Gunning et al 1983;Mayer et al 1984;Paterson and Eldridge 1984;Stutz and Spohr 1986;Vandekerckhove et al 1986;Alonso 1987). Also, as in vertebrates, cardiac actin is the major sarcomeric isoform expressed in embryonic striated muscle (Baines et al 1984;Paterson and Eldridge 1984;Stutz and Spohr 1986;Hayward and Schwartz 1986;Vandekerckhove et al 1986;Mohun et al 1988;Sassoon et al 1988).…”

Evolution of the chordate muscle actin gene

“…The coexpression of cardiac and skeletal actins in the same adult tissues is analogous to what is found in vertebrates (Gunning et al 1983;Mayer et al 1984;Paterson and Eldridge 1984;Stutz and Spohr 1986;Vandekerckhove et al 1986;Alonso 1987). Also, as in vertebrates, cardiac actin is the major sarcomeric isoform expressed in embryonic striated muscle (Baines et al 1984;Paterson and Eldridge 1984;Stutz and Spohr 1986;Hayward and Schwartz 1986;Vandekerckhove et al 1986;Mohun et al 1988;Sassoon et al 1988).…”

Quantitative changes in cytoskeletal β‐ and γ‐actin mRNAS and apparent absence of sarcomeric actin gene transcripts in early mouse embryos

“…Therefore, it appears likely that the expression of the sarcomeric actin genes in mice is closely linked with myogenic differentiation, as has been observed in the amphibian embryo (Mohun et al, 1984). Indirect evidence for the absence of sarcomeric actin mRNA in eggs and early embryos is provided by the fact that no intronless pseudogenes corresponding to the sarcomeric actin genes have been found, although there are numerous pseudogenes corresponding to the cytoskeletal actin genes in the mouse and human genomes Minty et al, 1983;Alonso, 1987); it is expected that, for insertion into the germ line, reverse transcripts of mRNA need to be generated in oocytes or early embryonic cells. In light of these negative findings, the nature of the aactin-like protein synthesized in oocytes and early embryos (Wassarman, 1983;Abreu and Brinster, 1978) remains unexplained.…”

Evolution of Chordate Actin Genes: Evidence from Genomic Organization and Amino Acid Sequences

“…For example, there are four muscle isoforms (␣-skeletal, ␣-cardiac, ␣-vascular, and ␥-enteric) and two nonmuscle isoforms (␤-and ␥-cytoplasmic) in mammals (Vandekerckhove and Weber 1979). The evolution of vertebrate actin genes has been discussed previously based on the amino acid sequences and gene structure (Vandekerckhove and Weber 1984;Alonso 1987;Miwa et al 1991;Kovilur et al 1993;Kusakabe 1995). To understand the origin and evolution of vertebrate actin genes, however, it is necessary to study actin genes in other chordates, including the urochordates (ascidians, salps, and larvaceans) and the cephalochordates (amphioxus).…”

Evolution of the chordate muscle actin gene

“…The coexpression of cardiac and skeletal actins in the same adult tissues is analogous to what is found in vertebrates (Gunning et al 1983;Mayer et al 1984;Paterson and Eldridge 1984;Stutz and Spohr 1986;Vandekerckhove et al 1986;Alonso 1987). Also, as in vertebrates, cardiac actin is the major sarcomeric isoform expressed in embryonic striated muscle (Baines et al 1984;Paterson and Eldridge 1984;Stutz and Spohr 1986;Hayward and Schwartz 1986;Vandekerckhove et al 1986;Mohun et al 1988;Sassoon et al 1988).…”

Quantitative changes in cytoskeletal β‐ and γ‐actin mRNAS and apparent absence of sarcomeric actin gene transcripts in early mouse embryos

“…Therefore, it appears likely that the expression of the sarcomeric actin genes in mice is closely linked with myogenic differentiation, as has been observed in the amphibian embryo (Mohun et al, 1984). Indirect evidence for the absence of sarcomeric actin mRNA in eggs and early embryos is provided by the fact that no intronless pseudogenes corresponding to the sarcomeric actin genes have been found, although there are numerous pseudogenes corresponding to the cytoskeletal actin genes in the mouse and human genomes Minty et al, 1983;Alonso, 1987); it is expected that, for insertion into the germ line, reverse transcripts of mRNA need to be generated in oocytes or early embryonic cells. In light of these negative findings, the nature of the aactin-like protein synthesized in oocytes and early embryos (Wassarman, 1983;Abreu and Brinster, 1978) remains unexplained.…”

Evolution of Chordate Actin Genes: Evidence from Genomic Organization and Amino Acid Sequences

“…For example, there are four muscle isoforms (␣-skeletal, ␣-cardiac, ␣-vascular, and ␥-enteric) and two nonmuscle isoforms (␤-and ␥-cytoplasmic) in mammals (Vandekerckhove and Weber 1979). The evolution of vertebrate actin genes has been discussed previously based on the amino acid sequences and gene structure (Vandekerckhove and Weber 1984;Alonso 1987;Miwa et al 1991;Kovilur et al 1993;Kusakabe 1995). To understand the origin and evolution of vertebrate actin genes, however, it is necessary to study actin genes in other chordates, including the urochordates (ascidians, salps, and larvaceans) and the cephalochordates (amphioxus).…”

Evolution of the chordate muscle actin gene

“…The coexpression of cardiac and skeletal actins in the same adult tissues is analogous to what is found in vertebrates (Gunning et al 1983;Mayer et al 1984;Paterson and Eldridge 1984;Stutz and Spohr 1986;Vandekerckhove et al 1986;Alonso 1987). Also, as in vertebrates, cardiac actin is the major sarcomeric isoform expressed in embryonic striated muscle (Baines et al 1984;Paterson and Eldridge 1984;Stutz and Spohr 1986;Hayward and Schwartz 1986;Vandekerckhove et al 1986;Mohun et al 1988;Sassoon et al 1988).…”

Quantitative changes in cytoskeletal β‐ and γ‐actin mRNAS and apparent absence of sarcomeric actin gene transcripts in early mouse embryos

“…Therefore, it appears likely that the expression of the sarcomeric actin genes in mice is closely linked with myogenic differentiation, as has been observed in the amphibian embryo (Mohun et al, 1984). Indirect evidence for the absence of sarcomeric actin mRNA in eggs and early embryos is provided by the fact that no intronless pseudogenes corresponding to the sarcomeric actin genes have been found, although there are numerous pseudogenes corresponding to the cytoskeletal actin genes in the mouse and human genomes Minty et al, 1983;Alonso, 1987); it is expected that, for insertion into the germ line, reverse transcripts of mRNA need to be generated in oocytes or early embryonic cells. In light of these negative findings, the nature of the aactin-like protein synthesized in oocytes and early embryos (Wassarman, 1983;Abreu and Brinster, 1978) remains unexplained.…”

Evolution of Chordate Actin Genes: Evidence from Genomic Organization and Amino Acid Sequences

“…For example, there are four muscle isoforms (␣-skeletal, ␣-cardiac, ␣-vascular, and ␥-enteric) and two nonmuscle isoforms (␤-and ␥-cytoplasmic) in mammals (Vandekerckhove and Weber 1979). The evolution of vertebrate actin genes has been discussed previously based on the amino acid sequences and gene structure (Vandekerckhove and Weber 1984;Alonso 1987;Miwa et al 1991;Kovilur et al 1993;Kusakabe 1995). To understand the origin and evolution of vertebrate actin genes, however, it is necessary to study actin genes in other chordates, including the urochordates (ascidians, salps, and larvaceans) and the cephalochordates (amphioxus).…”