Co-Infection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and other swine pathogens

Abstract

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae, Mhp) is an etiological agent that causes mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS), this is a chronic respiratory disease present in every major swine-producing country worldwide. It is well elucidated, Mhp infections may downregulate the host immune system and enhance the infection and replication of other pathogens. However, the mechanisms of interaction between Mhp and other pathogens is still missing. Though, additional studies have reported that several cofactors such as bacteria, vaccination failure, stress or crowing and other swine viruses in combination with Mhp, lead to MPS. Aside these cofactors, the co-infection of Mhp with other viruses, such as Porcine Circovirus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine Influenza Virus, Pseudorabies Virus, and other bacteria, such as Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae have been widely studied for many years. In this review, we summarized the co-infection of Mhp with other swine pathogens based our studies made, the co-infection with other viruses and bacteria, revealed the interaction mechanism of different pathogens with Mhp in the host Co-Infection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and otherswine pathogens

Retrospective Analysis of the Detection of Pathogens Associated with the Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Routine Diagnostic Samples from Austrian Swine Stocks

“…In accordance with our results, investigations of lungs from slaughtered pigs in France also reported that P. multocida was more likely to be detected in M. hyopneumoniae-positive lungs [63]. Especially, M. hyopneumoniae and P. multocida coinfections are frequently described in pigs with respiratory disease [34,37,63]. In contrast to our findings, investigations of lungs from slaughter pigs revealed no correlation between detection of M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis, while another study examining BALF samples from pigs with respira-tory problems reported a positive association [34,70].…”

“…Thus, the isolation of either pathogen remains difficult to interpret. However, there is evidence that in case of concurrent infections, symptoms and lung lesions are more severe compared to monoinfections [6,34,37,38]. While P. multocida and S. suis grow easily on sheep-blood agar plates, B. bronchiseptica often gets overgrown by other bacteria, emphasizing the need for selective media for proper isolation [36].…”

Antibiotic Resistance: From Pig to Meat

“…Disease may be caused by a single organism, but co-infections can also occur with two bacteria or a bacterium and a virus [35,36]. Within the context of animal production, these co-infections make it difficult to identify the culprit.…”

“…Within the context of animal production, these co-infections make it difficult to identify the culprit. Indeed, biological interactions between microorganisms are likely to influence both the clinical symptoms observed by the producers and the severity of the infection [36]. When an infection occurs, the pathogen is qualified as a primary etiologic agent when it causes the disease.…”

“…For example, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a primary pathogenic agent known to suppress the host's immune system, which makes it easier for other pathogens to infect the animal. In pigs, this bacterium may contribute to co-infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the pig influenza virus, A. pleuropneumoniae, the herpes viruses, and P. multocida [36].…”