Co‐exposure of iron oxide nanoparticles and glyphosate‐based herbicide promote liver toxicity in guppy (Poecilia reticulata): A histochemical and ultrastructural approach

Abstract

Citrate functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are employed for various purposes-including environmental remediation but the interaction of IONPs with aquatic contaminants is poorly understood. Among those, glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and affect target organs such as the liver. Evaluations of livers of female Poecilia reticulata by exposures to IONPs at a concentration of 0.3 mg/L were performed with association to: (1) 0.65 mg of glyphosate per litter and (2) 1.3 mg of glyphosate per litter of Roundup Original, and (3) glyphosate P.A at 0.65 mg/L. These associations were carried out progressively, after 7, 14, and 21 days. We detected circulatory disturbances, inflammatory responses, activation of the immune system, regressive changes, and progressive responses with changes in the connective tissue and decreased glycogen reserve from days 14 to 21. Ultrastructural changes in the Disse space and microvilli of hepatocytes indicated decreased contact surface area.In general, the damage was time and concentration dependent, increasing from 7 to 14 days and tending to stabilize from 14 to 21 days. Therefore, herbicide-associated IONPs functioned as xenobiotics inducing intense cellular detoxification processes and activation of hepatic immune responses.

A mixture of glyphosate and 2,4‐D herbicides enhances the deleterious reproductive outcomes induced by Western diet in obese male mice

“…[23][24][25][26] Thus, the biological effects of these herbicides in non-vertebrate and vertebrate organisms are widely investigated and discussed, including reports of deleterious effects on different organs/systems, including reproductive repercussions. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] The in vitro exposure to glyphosate (0,36 mg/L) reduced sperm motility. 38 Male rats exposed to glyphosate (250 mg/kg body weight, 8 weeks) also impaired sperm motility, reduced the number of spermatogenic cells, and caused intraepithelial vacuolization.…”

“…The widespread use of these herbicides may result in daily human exposure 23–26 . Thus, the biological effects of these herbicides in non‐vertebrate and vertebrate organisms are widely investigated and discussed, including reports of deleterious effects on different organs/systems, including reproductive repercussions 27–37 . The in vitro exposure to glyphosate (0,36 mg/L) reduced sperm motility 38 .…”