Clove oil nanoemulsion showed potent inhibitory effect against Candida spp.

Abstract

Increasing resistance to current fungicides is a clinical problem that leads to the need for new treatment strategies. Clove oil (CO) has already been described as having antifungal action. However, it should not be applied directly to the skin as it may be irritating. One option for CO delivery and suitable topical application would be nanoemulsions (NEs). NEs have advantages such as decreased irritant effects and lower dose use. The purpose of this work was the development of NEs containing CO and in vitro evaluation against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. The NEs were produced by an ultrasonic processor with different proportions of CO and Pluronic ® F-127. In order to determine the best composition and ultrasound amplitude, an experimental design was performed. For the evaluation, droplet size and polydispersity index (PdI) were used. After the stability study, in vitro activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata was evaluated. NEs selected for the stability study, with diameter <40 nm and PdI <0.2, remained stable for 420 d. Activity against Candida spp. was improved when the CO was nanoemulsified, for it possibly leads to a better interaction between the active and the microorganisms, mainly in C. albicans.

Striking Back against Fungal Infections: The Utilization of Nanosystems for Antifungal Strategies

“…Ocimum basilicum essential oil loaded in an NE showed augmented activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis [231]. Two additional natural essential oils from Pogostemon heyneanus and Eucalyptus globulus were isolated and loaded into NEs, resulting in excellent inhibitory effects on both yeast growth and biofilm formation [200,201].…”

Antifungal Polymeric Materials and Nanocomposites

“…However, the antifungal activity of CO was greatly improved upon nano emulsification. Nanoemulsions of clove oil and pluronic F-127 with size <40 nm were produced by ultrasonic processing (Betzler de Oliveira de Siqueira et al, 2019). The MICs obtained for the nanoemulsions against C. albicans were 327 ± 154.15 μg/ml compared to 2,180 μg/ml for free CO (Betzler de Oliveira de Siqueira et al, 2019).…”

“…Nanoemulsions of clove oil and pluronic F-127 with size <40 nm were produced by ultrasonic processing (Betzler de Oliveira de Siqueira et al, 2019). The MICs obtained for the nanoemulsions against C. albicans were 327 ± 154.15 μg/ml compared to 2,180 μg/ml for free CO (Betzler de Oliveira de Siqueira et al, 2019). The improvement in MICs may be due to improved interactions between the EO actives of the nanoemulsions and fungal cells.…”

Exploration of a W/O Nanoemulsion for Antibiofilm Activity against Cariogenic Enterococcus faecalis

“…The formulations of antimicrobials in nanoforms and different vesicular systems have enhanced their efficacy and selective delivery to both extracellular and intracellular infections, as well as their antibiofilm activity, compared to the free drug . Nanoemulsions as drug delivery systems have several advantages such as the solubilization of hydrophobic compounds, excellent stability, commercial scalability, sustained release, reduction of toxicity, and promotion of drug activity. , Nanoemulsions (NEs) mainly comprise of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant, and water, and their application as antimicrobial agents is a new and promising innovation. , During their production, ultrasonication provides the necessary energy input for the droplet to break into nanodroplets and produce kinetically stable nanoemulsions. , The research into the use of a nanoemulsion as an antimicrobial agent was encouraged by the recognized problem of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains. The development of antimicrobial-resistant strains was experienced with the use of existing agents due to their prevalence and occasionally wrong use of antibiotics, disinfectants, and antiseptics .…”

“… 10 Nanoemulsions as drug delivery systems have several advantages such as the solubilization of hydrophobic compounds, excellent stability, commercial scalability, sustained release, reduction of toxicity, and promotion of drug activity. 11 , 12 Nanoemulsions (NEs) mainly comprise of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant, and water, and their application as antimicrobial agents is a new and promising innovation. 13 , 14 During their production, ultrasonication provides the necessary energy input for the droplet to break into nanodroplets and produce kinetically stable nanoemulsions.…”