Clip induced analgesia and immobility in the mouse: Activation by different sensory modalities

Fleischmann, Amos; Urca, Gideon

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(88)90343-5

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…But some evidence is against such explanation. If an air puff of sufficient strength is directed at the animal's face when it is immobilized by clamping the neck, the animal is able to move away from the innocuous stimulus (Fleischmann and Urca, 1988b). Moreover, neurophysiologic evidence shows that the neck pinch inhibits spinal neural activity caused by noxious peripheral stimulation, whereas the response of spinal neurons to light touch or proprioception is not attenuated (Fleischmann and Urca, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Immobility response elicited by clamping the neck induces antinociception in a “tonic pain” test in mice

Miranda¹,

Cruz²,

Zamudio³

2006

Life Sciences

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The analgesia induced by IR has been demonstrated in mice by Fleischmann and Urca (1988b) who used the tail-flick test with radiant heat. This procedure evaluates somatic pain and is considered a "phasic pain" (Le Bars et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immobility response elicited by clamping the neck induces antinociception in a “tonic pain” test in mice

Miranda¹,

Cruz²,

Zamudio³

2006

Life Sciences

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“…The response of the young to maternal transport has also been occasionally referred to as a type of behavioral arrest or immobility response [14,15], which includes tonic immobility (including freezing by fear and “animal hypnosis”) [16,17], dorsal immobility [18], and clamp- [19] or bandaging-induced immobility [14]. In particular, the limb posture regulation during the Transport Response and the dorsal immobility are similar, thus the clear distinction between them has not been made in the previous literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport Response is a filial-specific behavioral response to maternal carrying in C57BL/6 mice

et al. 2013

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BackgroundA mother carries her young in many altricial mammals, such as cats, lions, rats and mice. During maternal carrying, the transported young assume a compact posture. We have recently shown that, in both humans and mice, the carried infants immediately calmed down and showed reductions in heart rate, distress vocalizations, and voluntary movement. The loss of the calming response in mouse pups hindered maternal retrieval efficacy. These findings suggested that the infant calming response functioned to reduce the maternal burden of carrying and was therefore conserved in a variety of mammalian species. However, it remains unclear how and when each component of this calming response develops and whether it is a filial-specific behavior.ResultsWe dissected various components of the carrying-induced responses in mouse pups, collectively called the “Transport Response” herein. We showed that during the second postnatal week, pups exhibited characteristic compact posture with limb ventroflexion. The body trunk remained paradoxically pliable, suggesting complex neural regulation throughout the body. Pups also showed an increased pain tolerance to a tail pinch during the Transport Response. Analyses of the developmental courses of distinct components of the Transport Response revealed the independent regulation of each component: in the first postnatal week, the cessation of ultrasonic vocalizations was exhibited prominently; in the second postnatal week, immobilization reached its peak; and toward the third postnatal week, the postural component became fully matured. At the end of the third postnatal week, when the pups are able to transport by themselves, the pups no longer exhibited the Transport Response.ConclusionsThis study has revealed the mouse Transport Response as a complex set of behavioral and physiological components, each of which has a specific postnatal time window but is orchestrated in a well-matched manner with the maturation of ambulatory ability in the pups. These findings collectively indicate that the Transport Response is a filial-specific, innate behavioral reaction and is distinct from a simple reflex or defensive freezing response. The Transport Response could be a novel index of primitive filial attachment behaviors, acting to smooth mother-infant interaction.

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“…In humans, tonic immobility has been described as a psychological defense to trauma (Bracha, ; Briere, Weathers, & Runtz, ; for a review see, Lanius et al, ). The initiation of a tonic immobile state is mediated by multisensory feedback from proprioceptive, tactile, and sensory nerves, in combination with immense fear, in animals (Fleischmann & Urca, ; Porro & Carli, ; Webster et al, ; for a review, see Kozlowska et al, ). To date, however, there are few reports of experimentally induced tonic immobility in humans (Azevedo et al, ; de Kleine et al, ; Fiszman et al, ; Fragkaki et al, ; for a review, see Volchan et al, ).…”

Section: Tonic Immobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of trauma on brain and body: A unifying role for the midbrain periaqueductal gray

Terpou

Harricharan

McKinnon

et al. 2019

J of Neuroscience Research

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a diagnosis that may follow the experience of trauma, has multiple symptomatic phenotypes. Generally, individuals with PTSD display symptoms of hyperarousal and of hyperemotionality in the presence of fearful stimuli. A subset of individuals with PTSD; however, elicit dissociative symptomatology (i.e., depersonalization, derealization) in the wake of a perceived threat. This pattern of response characterizes the dissociative subtype of the disorder, which is often associated with emotional numbing and hypoarousal. Both symptomatic phenotypes exhibit attentional threat biases, where threat stimuli are processed preferentially leading to a hypervigilant state that is thought to promote defensive behaviors during threat processing. Accordingly, PTSD and its dissociative subtype are thought to differ in their proclivity to elicit active (i.e., fight, flight) versus passive (i.e., tonic immobility, emotional shutdown) defensive responses, which are characterized by the increased and the decreased expression of the sympathetic nervous system, respectively. Moreover, active and passive defenses are accompanied by primarily endocannabinoid-and opioid-mediated analgesics, respectively. Through critical review of the literature, we apply the defense cascade model to better understand the pathological presentation of defensive responses in PTSD with a focus on the functioning of lower-level midbrain and extended brainstem systems. K E Y W O R D Sbrainstem, dissociation, periaqueductal gray, PTSD, trauma | INTRODUC TI ONIn this review, we integrate literature from trauma experiences, the defense cascade, and the threat-response neurocircuitry within a framework of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We begin by introducing the concepts of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, general PTSD, and defensive responses. Following these primers, we discuss the influences of trauma onset and prolonged exposure to trauma and their effects on the development of PTSD and the dissociative subtype of PTSD. Next, we introduce the defense cascade model and its underlying neurocircuitry as described in the animal literature and relate it to PTSD. In addition, we discuss the current state of the neuroimaging literature, which Edited by Sandra Chanraud.All peer review communications can be found with the online version of the article. | 1111TERPOU ET al. suggests that functional alterations are detectable in the midbrain of individuals with PTSD and its dissociative subtype as compared to healthy controls. We conclude by presenting directions for future research and the clinical implications for treatment of persons with PTSD that arise from this review of the extant literature.

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Clip induced analgesia and immobility in the mouse: Activation by different sensory modalities

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Immobility response elicited by clamping the neck induces antinociception in a “tonic pain” test in mice

Immobility response elicited by clamping the neck induces antinociception in a “tonic pain” test in mice

Transport Response is a filial-specific behavioral response to maternal carrying in C57BL/6 mice

The effects of trauma on brain and body: A unifying role for the midbrain periaqueductal gray

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