Clinical utility of procalcitonin in febrile infants younger than 3 months of age visiting a pediatric emergency room: a retrospective single-center study

Abstract

Background Fever in infants under 90 days of age is highly likely to be caused by a severe bacterial infection (SBI) and it accounts for a large number of patients visiting the pediatric emergency room. In order to predict the bacterial infection and reduce unnecessary treatment, the classic classification system is based on white blood cell (WBC) count, urinalysis, and x-ray, and it is modified and applied at each center by incorporating recently studied biomarkers such as c-reactive protein (CRP) or procalcitonin (PCT). This study analyzed the usefulness of PCT in predicting SBI when applied along with the existing classification system, including CRP, among infants less than 90 days old who visited with a fever at a single institution pediatric emergency center. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients younger than 3 months of age who presented with fever at the Seoul Asan Medical Center pediatric emergency room between July 2017 and October 2018. Results A total of 317 patients were analyzed, and 61 were diagnosed with SBI, among which urinary tract infection (UTI) accounted for the largest proportion (55/61, 90.2%). There were differences in WBC, neutrophil proportion, CRP, and PCT between the SBI group and the non-SBI group, and the AUC values of WBC, CRP, and PCT were 0.651, 0.804, and 0.746, respectively. When using the cut-off values of CRP and PCTs as 2.0 mg/dL and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively, the sensitivity and specificity for SBI were 49.2/89.5, and 54.1/87.5, respectively. WBC, CRP, and PCT were statistically significant for predicting SBI in multivariate analysis (odds ratios 1.066, 1.377, and 1.291, respectively). When the subjects were classified using the existing classification criteria, WBC and CRP, the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 29.3 and 88.7%, respectively, and when PCT was added, the PPV and NPV were 30.7 and 92%, respectively, both increased. Conclusion PCT is useful for predicting SBI in children aged 3 months or less who visit the emergency room with a fever. It is useful as a single biomarker, and when used in conjunction with classic biomarkers, its diagnostic accuracy is further increased.

Systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the diagnostic test accuracy of procalcitonin in the diagnosis of invasive bacterial infections in febrile infants: a study protocol

“…[1][2][3] Invasive bacterial infections include bacterial meningitis and symptomatic bacteraemia and are reported in 1%-3% of young febrile infants. [1][2][3][4][5] In addition to IBI, a further 10%-15% of young febrile infants will be diagnosed with other serious bacterial infections (SBIs); typically urinary tract infections (UTIs) requiring antibiotic treatment. 1 3 6 Unfortunately, it is clinically difficult to differentiate those infants with an evolving IBI from those with a self-limiting viral infection, particularly in the prodrome of their illness and in the youngest of this cohort.…”