Clinical manifestations of jellyfish envenomation

Abstract

Jellyfish produce clinical diseases in humans. Death from venom toxicity is more common than anaphylaxis. The main venom actions are on the cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems and these agents may induce systemic symptoms accompanying their cutaneous lesions. Keloids, fat atrophy, gangrene, contractions, arthralgias, neuritis, hyperpigmentation, corneal ulcerations, vasospasm and postenvenomation herpes simplex or granuloma annulare may appear. Recurrent eruptions, distant-site eruptions, persistent lesions or urticaria can occur. Anaphylaxis is managed as usual and verapamil can counteract the cardiotoxin. Systemic analgesics outperform topical agents against the immediate painful sting which results from immediate intradermal stimuli. Few measures preventing nematocyst rupture from adherent tentacles are significantly effective clinically so tentacle removal should be delayed until the patient is stable.

Biotechnological Applications of Scyphomedusae

“…Likely due to the diverse components, the crude venom extracted from cnidarians has a wide range of effects on humans. Cubomedusae (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) venoms have severe effects, which span from severe envenomation with extensive dermonecrosis and oedema, to diffused neurotoxicity, motorial and respiratory problems, cardiovascular symptoms, hypotension and occasionally death [85,86].…”

Biotechnological Applications of Scyphomedusae

“…Likely due to the diverse components, the crude venom extracted from cnidarians has a wide range of effects on humans. Cubomedusae (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) venoms have severe effects, which span from severe envenomation with extensive dermonecrosis and oedema, to diffused neurotoxicity, motorial and respiratory problems, cardiovascular symptoms, hypotension and occasionally death [85,86].…”

Jellyfish Venom-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Immune Responses: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Strategies

“…Jellyfish, as ancient members of the phylum Cnidaria, have evolved complex venoms consisting of multiple bioactive toxin components, which mediate diverse pathological effects ranging from localized tissue necrosis to life-threatening systemic envenomation [ 1 , 2 ]. In recent years, jellyfish blooms have become more frequent worldwide due to climate change, eutrophication, and human activities [ 3 ], posing significant threats to human health.…”

Cubozoan Sting-Site Seawater Rinse, Scraping, and Ice Can Increase Venom Load: Upending Current First Aid Recommendations

“…Envenomations can range in severity from mild sting-site pain to loss of life within minutes [4,5,6,7]. Sting severity varies based on several factors, the most important of which are the species involved and the dose of venom delivered [8,9]. Studies have shown that the outcomes also vary based on first-aid and clinical-care measures [10,11,12,13].…”

Biotechnological Applications of Scyphomedusae

“…Likely due to the diverse components, the crude venom extracted from cnidarians has a wide range of effects on humans. Cubomedusae (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) venoms have severe effects, which span from severe envenomation with extensive dermonecrosis and oedema, to diffused neurotoxicity, motorial and respiratory problems, cardiovascular symptoms, hypotension and occasionally death [85,86].…”

Jellyfish Venom-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Immune Responses: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Strategies

“…Jellyfish, as ancient members of the phylum Cnidaria, have evolved complex venoms consisting of multiple bioactive toxin components, which mediate diverse pathological effects ranging from localized tissue necrosis to life-threatening systemic envenomation [ 1 , 2 ]. In recent years, jellyfish blooms have become more frequent worldwide due to climate change, eutrophication, and human activities [ 3 ], posing significant threats to human health.…”

Cubozoan Sting-Site Seawater Rinse, Scraping, and Ice Can Increase Venom Load: Upending Current First Aid Recommendations

“…Envenomations can range in severity from mild sting-site pain to loss of life within minutes [4,5,6,7]. Sting severity varies based on several factors, the most important of which are the species involved and the dose of venom delivered [8,9]. Studies have shown that the outcomes also vary based on first-aid and clinical-care measures [10,11,12,13].…”

Biotechnological Applications of Scyphomedusae

“…Likely due to the diverse components, the crude venom extracted from cnidarians has a wide range of effects on humans. Cubomedusae (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) venoms have severe effects, which span from severe envenomation with extensive dermonecrosis and oedema, to diffused neurotoxicity, motorial and respiratory problems, cardiovascular symptoms, hypotension and occasionally death [85,86].…”

Jellyfish Venom-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Immune Responses: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Strategies

“…Jellyfish, as ancient members of the phylum Cnidaria, have evolved complex venoms consisting of multiple bioactive toxin components, which mediate diverse pathological effects ranging from localized tissue necrosis to life-threatening systemic envenomation [ 1 , 2 ]. In recent years, jellyfish blooms have become more frequent worldwide due to climate change, eutrophication, and human activities [ 3 ], posing significant threats to human health.…”

Cubozoan Sting-Site Seawater Rinse, Scraping, and Ice Can Increase Venom Load: Upending Current First Aid Recommendations

“…Envenomations can range in severity from mild sting-site pain to loss of life within minutes [4,5,6,7]. Sting severity varies based on several factors, the most important of which are the species involved and the dose of venom delivered [8,9]. Studies have shown that the outcomes also vary based on first-aid and clinical-care measures [10,11,12,13].…”