Clinical and Developmental Aspects of Congenital Rubella

Characterization of the Risks of Adverse Outcomes Following Rubella Infection in Pregnancy

“…Table provides details about the 31 studies that met our selection criteria and provided data we could abstract related to pregnancy outcomes following maternal rubella infections . We excluded several additional studies due to their lack of data related to pregnancy outcomes . The 31 included studies reported on a wide range of topics, including the effectiveness of gamma globulin, the necessity of premarital screening, the differences between laboratory methods, identification of subclinical infections, prenatal infections, infections after the first trimester, and the impact of national rubella epidemics .…”

Characterization of the Risks of Adverse Outcomes Following Rubella Infection in Pregnancy

“…Table provides details about the 31 studies that met our selection criteria and provided data we could abstract related to pregnancy outcomes following maternal rubella infections . We excluded several additional studies due to their lack of data related to pregnancy outcomes . The 31 included studies reported on a wide range of topics, including the effectiveness of gamma globulin, the necessity of premarital screening, the differences between laboratory methods, identification of subclinical infections, prenatal infections, infections after the first trimester, and the impact of national rubella epidemics .…”

Recent Implications of Intrauterine and Postnatal Rubella

“…The incidence of defects following infection in the second trimester is very much lower (Tartakow, 1965), but Hardy et al (1969) consider that there is some risk up to 24 weeks gestation. While it is in general true that multiple defects follow first trimester or preconceptual (Hardy, 1973) infection, while second trimester infection may cause only deafness or communication problems, yet the postnatal development of cataracts (Menser et al, 1966a), pulmonary artery stenosis Ueresaty & Russell, 1967), retinopathy (Hancock et al, 1968: Collis & Cohen, 1970 and deafness (Peckham, 1972) indicates that the continuing presence of the virus in the foetal tissues may cause further damage.…”

“…Deafness is the most common defect in congenital rubella. It is often not detected at birth, partly because it may occur as a solitary defect, partly because of the difficulties in screening neonates (Editorial, 1974b), and partly because in some cases it may develop or deteriorate after birth (Peckham, 1972;Hardy et al, 1973). It may be unilateral or bilateral, and is usually sensorineural in type, although it is sometimes complicated by a conductive element due to secretory otitis media; rubella virus has been isolated from the middle ear of such a child (Alford, 1968).…”

Prenatal Viral Infection With Particular Reference to Cytomegaloviruses

“…The extent to which prenatal viral infections contribute to these abnormalities is not accurately known, but is illustrated by the fact that following the rubella epidemic of 1963-1965, in the U.S.A. alone 20,000 pregnancies were lost, and 25,000 children survived with severe handicaps (Hardy, 1973b).…”

Characterization of the Risks of Adverse Outcomes Following Rubella Infection in Pregnancy

“…Table provides details about the 31 studies that met our selection criteria and provided data we could abstract related to pregnancy outcomes following maternal rubella infections . We excluded several additional studies due to their lack of data related to pregnancy outcomes . The 31 included studies reported on a wide range of topics, including the effectiveness of gamma globulin, the necessity of premarital screening, the differences between laboratory methods, identification of subclinical infections, prenatal infections, infections after the first trimester, and the impact of national rubella epidemics .…”

Recent Implications of Intrauterine and Postnatal Rubella

“…The incidence of defects following infection in the second trimester is very much lower (Tartakow, 1965), but Hardy et al (1969) consider that there is some risk up to 24 weeks gestation. While it is in general true that multiple defects follow first trimester or preconceptual (Hardy, 1973) infection, while second trimester infection may cause only deafness or communication problems, yet the postnatal development of cataracts (Menser et al, 1966a), pulmonary artery stenosis Ueresaty & Russell, 1967), retinopathy (Hancock et al, 1968: Collis & Cohen, 1970 and deafness (Peckham, 1972) indicates that the continuing presence of the virus in the foetal tissues may cause further damage.…”

“…Deafness is the most common defect in congenital rubella. It is often not detected at birth, partly because it may occur as a solitary defect, partly because of the difficulties in screening neonates (Editorial, 1974b), and partly because in some cases it may develop or deteriorate after birth (Peckham, 1972;Hardy et al, 1973). It may be unilateral or bilateral, and is usually sensorineural in type, although it is sometimes complicated by a conductive element due to secretory otitis media; rubella virus has been isolated from the middle ear of such a child (Alford, 1968).…”

Prenatal Viral Infection With Particular Reference to Cytomegaloviruses

“…The extent to which prenatal viral infections contribute to these abnormalities is not accurately known, but is illustrated by the fact that following the rubella epidemic of 1963-1965, in the U.S.A. alone 20,000 pregnancies were lost, and 25,000 children survived with severe handicaps (Hardy, 1973b).…”

Characterization of the Risks of Adverse Outcomes Following Rubella Infection in Pregnancy

“…Table provides details about the 31 studies that met our selection criteria and provided data we could abstract related to pregnancy outcomes following maternal rubella infections . We excluded several additional studies due to their lack of data related to pregnancy outcomes . The 31 included studies reported on a wide range of topics, including the effectiveness of gamma globulin, the necessity of premarital screening, the differences between laboratory methods, identification of subclinical infections, prenatal infections, infections after the first trimester, and the impact of national rubella epidemics .…”

Recent Implications of Intrauterine and Postnatal Rubella

“…The incidence of defects following infection in the second trimester is very much lower (Tartakow, 1965), but Hardy et al (1969) consider that there is some risk up to 24 weeks gestation. While it is in general true that multiple defects follow first trimester or preconceptual (Hardy, 1973) infection, while second trimester infection may cause only deafness or communication problems, yet the postnatal development of cataracts (Menser et al, 1966a), pulmonary artery stenosis Ueresaty & Russell, 1967), retinopathy (Hancock et al, 1968: Collis & Cohen, 1970 and deafness (Peckham, 1972) indicates that the continuing presence of the virus in the foetal tissues may cause further damage.…”

“…Deafness is the most common defect in congenital rubella. It is often not detected at birth, partly because it may occur as a solitary defect, partly because of the difficulties in screening neonates (Editorial, 1974b), and partly because in some cases it may develop or deteriorate after birth (Peckham, 1972;Hardy et al, 1973). It may be unilateral or bilateral, and is usually sensorineural in type, although it is sometimes complicated by a conductive element due to secretory otitis media; rubella virus has been isolated from the middle ear of such a child (Alford, 1968).…”

Prenatal Viral Infection With Particular Reference to Cytomegaloviruses

“…The extent to which prenatal viral infections contribute to these abnormalities is not accurately known, but is illustrated by the fact that following the rubella epidemic of 1963-1965, in the U.S.A. alone 20,000 pregnancies were lost, and 25,000 children survived with severe handicaps (Hardy, 1973b).…”