The
unique properties of topological insulators such as Bi2Se3 are intriguing for their potential implementation
in novel device architectures for low power and defect-tolerant logic
and memory devices. Recent improvements in the synthesis of Bi2Se3 have positioned researchers to fabricate new
devices to probe the limits of these materials. The fabrication of
such devices, of course, requires etching of the topological insulator,
in addition to other materials including gate oxides and contacts
which may impact the topologically protected surface states. In this
paper, we study the impact of He+ sputtering and inductively
coupled plasma Cl2 and SF6 reactive etch chemistries
on the physical, chemical, and electronic properties of Bi2Se3. Chemical analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
tracks changes in the surface chemistry and Fermi level, showing preferential
removal of Se that results in vacancy-induced n-type doping. Chlorine-based
chemistry successfully etches Bi2Se3 but with
residual Se–Se bonding and interstitial Cl species remaining
after the etch. The Se vacancies and residuals can be removed with
postetch anneals in a Se environment, repairing Bi2Se3 nearly to the as-grown condition. Critically, in each of
these cases, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) reveals
that the topologically protected surface states remain even after
inducing significant surface disorder and chemical changes, demonstrating
that topological insulators are quite promising for defect-tolerant
electronics. Changes to the ARPES intensity and momentum broadening
of the surface states are discussed. Fluorine-based etching aggressively
reacts with the film resulting in a relatively thick insulating film
of thermodynamically favored BiF3 on the surface, prohibiting
the use of SF6-based etching in Bi2Se3 processing.