Cigarette Smoking in a Periodontal Practice

Abstract

This case‐control study compares the prevalence of cigarette smoking among patients in a periodontal practice (cases) with that of patients in referring general dental practices (controls). Smoking histories of patients (age ≥25 years) in a periodontal practice and five general dental practices were obtained by questionnaire. From the general practices, only patients reporting negative histories for Periodontitis were studied. Periodontal status of the periodontal practice patients was based on bone loss from full mouth radiographic surveys and gingival pocket depths. Patients were stratified by age (25 to 40, 41 to 55, and >55 years) and sex. The combined frequency of current or former cigarette smoking reported by 196 periodontal practice patients with moderate or advanced Periodontitis (M‐A perio group) was higher than that reported by 209 general dental practice patients (gen prac group) in all age and sex catagories. The age and sex adjusted summary odds ratio for a positive smoking history among M‐A perio subjects relative to gen prac subjects was 2.6 (P <0.001). Separate corresponding odds ratios (age and sex adjusted) for current smoking versus never smoking in the two groups were 3.3 (P <0.001) and for former smoking versus never smoking 2.1 (P <0.004). Among current smokers, patients in the M‐A perio group reported heavy smoking (> 10 cigarettes/day) relatively more often than control subjects (adjusted R.O. = 5.7; P <0.001). In the M‐A perio group the frequency of current smoking increased with disease severity. These associations add to the accumulating evidence suggesting that both current and former smokers are at increased risk for Periodontitis, and that cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for Periodontitis. J Periodontol 1992;63:100‐106.

Oral health behavior and HbA1c in Indian adults with type 2 diabetes

“…In the study by Bakhshandeh et al, twice-daily brushing was more frequent among smokers than among nonsmokers (6). Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for periodontal disease in healthy and diabetic patients and can be prevented through oral health promotion programs (23,32). Although alcohol consumption is not considered a risk factor for periodontal disease, it can reduce the capacity of the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream and could cause hypoglycemia (33).…”

Inhibition of dioxin effects on bone formation in vitro by a newly described aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist, resveratrol

“…Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have detailed the consistent, positive association between smoking and periodontal attachment loss (Bergstrom 1989, Preber & Bergstrom 1990, Haber & Kent 1992, Horning et al 1992, Haber et al 1993, Ah et al 1994. A meta-analysis of the literature conducted by Papapanou (1996) for the 1996 World Workshop in Periodontics revealed that smokers have an almost 3-fold increase in their risk for severe periodontal disease vs non-smokers.…”

Effect of Smoking on Periodontal Health

“…This was similar to the study done by Arno et al, [10] who also found the relationship between increased consumption of smoking and periodontal destruction. Haber & Kent [11] found that there were a higher percentage of current and former smokers with advanced periodontal destruction. Our study was inaccordance with the study done by Grossi et al, [12] who reported that the risk of having periodontitis was 2.05 times greater in moderate smokers and 4.75 times greater in heavy smokers than nonsmokers.…”