Cigarette Smoking and Infection

Arcavi, Lidia; Benowitz, Neal L.

doi:10.1001/archinte.164.20.2206

Cited by 868 publications

(749 citation statements)

References 116 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…The high rate of catheter use in the initial blood access might also contribute to the higher risk of bacteremia in patients with a shorter duration of hemodialysis. Smokers may have increased susceptibility to infection due to alterations in the respiratory tract and decreased immune response (14). Previous research also indicated that smoking was a risk factor for bacteremia-related hospitalization and mortality (15)(16)(17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteremia in Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

et al. 2012

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Objective To analyze the incidence rates and risk factors for bacteremia in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods The records of 898 consecutive patients undergoing dialysis from January 2003 to December 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. Episodes of bacteremia were recorded. China Medical University (Taichung, Taiwan). Results The overall incidence rate of bacteremia was 7.63 per 100 patient-years in HD patients and 3.56 per 100 patient-years in PD patients and it was higher in HD patients each year from 2003 to 2008. S. aureus (27.53%) was the most common pathogen in HD patients, whereas Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (21.3%) was the most common pathogen in PD patients. Vascular access infection was the most common etiology in HD patients, whereas peritonitis was the most common etiology in PD patients. Older age, shorter dialysis vintage, use of HD rather than PD, current smoker, use of a venous dialysis catheter, presence of diabetes mellitus, higher comorbidity score, and lower serum albumin were significant risk factors for bacteremia. Diabetes mellitus and lower serum albumin were significant risk factors for bacteremia-associated mortality. Conclusion Placement of a permanent access (fistula, graft, or PD catheter) prior to initiation of dialysis, smoking cessation, and better nutritional status (i.e. higher serum albumin) were associated with a reduced risk of bacteremia in dialysis patients. Higher serum albumin was also associated with a reduced bacteremiaassociated mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteremia in Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

et al. 2012

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“…From a non‐exhaustive review of the literature, we identified potential confounders: insurance coverage, 12 , 13 number of primary care physicians per 100 000 population, 14 , 15 environmental humidity, 11 , 16 chronic disease and pregnancy rates, 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 percentage of the county population living below the poverty level, 12 , 21 , 22 vaccination uptake, 23 , 24 , 25 racial composition, 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 population density, 30 , 31 and prevalence of smoking 32 , 33 , 34 . A concise description of data sources and variable definitions for all covariates is provided in Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between community prevalence of obesity and associated behavioral factors and community rates of influenza‐related hospitalizations in the United States

Charland

Buckeridge

Hoen

et al. 2012

Influenza Resp Viruses

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Please cite this paper as: Charland et al.(2012) Relationship between community prevalence of obesity and associated behavioral factors and community rates of influenza‐related hospitalizations in the United States. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/irv.12019. Background Findings from studies examining the association between obesity and acute respiratory infection are inconsistent. Few studies have assessed the relationship between obesity‐related behavioral factors, such as diet and exercise, and risk of acute respiratory infection. Objective To determine whether community prevalence of obesity, low fruit/vegetable consumption, and physical inactivity are associated with influenza‐related hospitalization rates. Methods Using data from 274 US counties, from 2002 to 2008, we regressed county influenza‐related hospitalization rates on county prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30), low fruit/vegetable consumption (<5 servings/day), and physical inactivity (<30 minutes/month recreational exercise), while adjusting for community‐level confounders such as insurance coverage and the number of primary care physicians per 100 000 population. Results A 5% increase in obesity prevalence was associated with a 12% increase in influenza‐related hospitalization rates [adjusted rate ratio (ARR) 1·12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·07, 1·17]. Similarly, a 5% increase in the prevalence of low fruit/vegetable consumption and physical inactivity was associated with an increase of 12% (ARR 1·12, 95% CI 1·08, 1·17) and 11% (ARR 1·11, 95% CI 1·07, 1·16), respectively. When all three variables were included in the same model, a 5% increase in prevalence of obesity, low fruit/vegetable consumption, and physical inactivity was associated with 6%, 8%, and 7% increases in influenza‐related hospitalization rates, respectively. Conclusions Communities with a greater prevalence of obesity were more likely to have high influenza‐related hospitalization rates. Similarly, less physically active populations, with lower fruit/vegetable consumption, tended to have higher influenza‐related hospitalization rates, even after accounting for obesity.

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“…Cigarette smoking is well recognized to increase the susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections ( Arcavi & Benowitz, 2004 ). Exposure to cigarette smoking damages the lining of the respiratory tract, reduces mucociliary clearance, and impairs both humoral and cellular immune responses ( Dye & Adler, 1994 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptoms of cough and shortness of breath among occasional young adult smokers

Berg

Klatt

et al. 2009

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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Discussion:In conclusion, this cross-sectional study found that occasional smoking and ETS exposure were associated with an increase in the rate of respiratory symptoms (cough/sore throat and shortness of breath/fatigue) among young adults. IntroductionYoung adulthood is a critical transition period in cigarette use ( Bachman, Wadsworth, O'Malley, Johnston, & Schulenberg, 1997 ;Chen & Kandel, 1995 ). Whereas fi rst experimentation with cigarettes occurs early in life for the majority of individuals, increased frequency of smoking and establishment of regular or heavy cigarette use often occur during the young adult years . Encouraging smoking cessation early in life is crucial to help individuals avoid many of the harms related to smoking ( Doll, Peto, Boreham, & Sutherland, 2004 ;Orleans, 2007 ). Effective strategies targeting occasional or intermittent young adult smokers are needed to interrupt the progression of smoking behavior and the development of nicotine dependence.Efforts to encourage cessation often focus on communicating the negative consequences of cigarette use. This approach is based on well-recognized health behavior theories such as the health belief model ( Janz & Becker, 1984 ;Rosenstock, Strecher, & Becker, 1988 ) and the theory of reasoned action ( Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980 ;Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975 ). Several studies have identifi ed concerns over health consequences as an AbstractIntroduction: The perception of negative health consequences is a common motive for quitting smoking, but specifi c information on the immediate health effects of occasional smoking among young adults is limited.Method: To examine the relationship between cigarette use and symptoms of (a) cough or sore throat and (b) shortness of breath or fatigue after regular activities among young adults, we performed online health screening of a random sample of 25,000 college undergraduates. The screening survey assessed demographic characteristics, smoking and related health behaviors, and respiratory symptoms in the previous 30 days.

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Cigarette Smoking and Infection

Cited by 868 publications

References 116 publications

Bacteremia in Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Bacteremia in Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Relationship between community prevalence of obesity and associated behavioral factors and community rates of influenza‐related hospitalizations in the United States

Symptoms of cough and shortness of breath among occasional young adult smokers

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