Chronic toxicity of ivermectin to the benthic invertebrates Chironomus riparius and Lumbriculus variegatus

Egeler, Philipp; Gilberg, Daniel; Fink, Guido; Duis, Karen

doi:10.1007/s11368-010-0197-3

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(45 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In the toxicity test with L. variegatus , spiked artificial sediment was used for exposure and Urtica and cellulose powder as food source. At concentrations ≥500 µg/kg sediment dry wt, ivermectin had a significant effect on survival and reproduction and total biomass of L. variegatus (Egeler et al 2010).…”

Section: Phase II Tier B Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental risk assessment of ivermectin: A case study

Liebig¹,

Alonso²,

Blübaum-Gronau³

et al. 2010

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

Self Cite

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The veterinary parasiticide ivermectin was selected as a case study compound within the project ERAPharm (Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals). Based on experimental data generated within ERAPharm and additional literature data, an environmental risk assessment (ERA) was performed mainly according to international and European guidelines. For the environmental compartments surface water, sediment, and dung, a risk was indicated at all levels of the tiered assessment approach. Only for soil was no risk indicated after the lower tier assessment. However, the use of effects data from additional 2-species and multispecies studies resulted in a risk indication for collembolans. Although previously performed ERAs for ivermectin revealed no concern for the aquatic compartment, and transient effects on dung-insect populations were not considered as relevant, the present ERA clearly demonstrates unacceptable risks for all investigated environmental compartments and hence suggests the necessity of reassessing ivermectin-containing products. Based on this case study, several gaps in the existing guidelines for ERA of pharmaceuticals were shown and improvements have been suggested. The action limit at the start of the ERA, for example, is not protective for substances such as ivermectin when used on intensively reared animals. Furthermore, initial predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of ivermectin in soil were estimated to be lower than refined PECs, indicating that the currently used tiered approach for exposure assessment is not appropriate for substances with potential for accumulation in soil. In addition, guidance is lacking for the assessment of effects at higher tiers of the ERA, e.g., for field studies or a tiered effects assessment in the dung compartment.

show abstract

Section: Phase II Tier B Environmental Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental risk assessment of ivermectin: A case study

Liebig¹,

Alonso²,

Blübaum-Gronau³

et al. 2010

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

Self Cite

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As a result, very few studies have been undertaken to examine the adverse impacts of exposure to IVM on freshwater organisms. To date, however, Daphnia magna has the lowest LC 50 of all organisms tested [ 22 , 215 - 216 ], while the freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus , which has been tested for lethal and sublethal effects was found with a LC 50 (72 h) of ≈ 0.5 mg L -1 [ 217 ] and a NOEC (56 days) of 0.2 mg kg -1 sediment (d.w.) [ 218 ] (Table 3 ). Benthic cladocerans are very sensitive to IVM, as reported for pelagic species.…”

Section: Ecotoxicity Of Avermectinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Toxicity and Non-Target Effects of Macrocyclic Lactones in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments

Lumaret

Errouissi²,

Floate³

et al. 2012

CPB

292

215

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The avermectins, milbemycins and spinosyns are collectively referred to as macrocyclic lactones (MLs) which comprise several classes of chemicals derived from cultures of soil micro-organisms. These compounds are extensively and increasingly used in veterinary medicine and agriculture. Due to their potential effects on non-target organisms, large amounts of information on their impact in the environment has been compiled in recent years, mainly caused by legal requirements related to their marketing authorization or registration. The main objective of this paper is to critically review the present knowledge about the acute and chronic ecotoxicological effects of MLs on organisms, mainly invertebrates, in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. Detailed information is presented on the mode-of-action as well as the ecotoxicity of the most important compounds representing the three groups of MLs. This information, based on more than 360 references, is mainly provided in nine tables, presenting the effects of abamectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, emamectin, moxidectin, and spinosad on individual species of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates as well as plants and algae. Since dung dwelling organisms are particularly important non-targets, as they are exposed via dung from treated animals over their whole life-cycle, the information on the effects of MLs on dung communities is compiled in an additional table. The results of this review clearly demonstrate that regarding environmental impacts many macrocyclic lactones are substances of high concern particularly with larval instars of invertebrates. Recent studies have also shown that susceptibility varies with life cycle stage and impacts can be mitigated by using MLs when these stages are not present. However information on the environmental impact of the MLs is scattered across a wide range of specialised scientific journals with research focusing mainly on ivermectin and to a lesser extent on abamectin doramectin and moxidectin. By comparison, information on compounds such as eprinomectin, emamectin and selamectin is still relatively scarce.

show abstract

“…Change of organic matter composition during sedimentation is known to affect sorption especially for nonionic compounds [ 73 ] and could be relevant for the examined antiparasitics. Their strong sorption in sediments is worrisome for inhabitants of these ecosystems, exemplarily shown by chronic effects of IVM on benthic invertebrates [ 45 ]. Adverse effects on sediment-dwelling non-target organisms must especially be considered when avermectins are applied in aquaculture [ 53 ]; an industry directly burdening aquatic ecosystems with VMPs [ 9 ] which may then pass into sediments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorption of selected antiparasitics in soils and sediments

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Veterinary pharmaceuticals can enter the environment when excreted after application and burden terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. However, knowledge about the basic process of sorption in soils and sediments is limited, complicating regulatory decisions. Therefore, batch equilibrium studies were conducted for the widely used antiparasitics abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, and moxidectin to add to the assessment of their environmental fate. Results We examined 20 soil samples and six sediments from Germany and Morocco. Analysis was based on HPLC-fluorescence detection after derivatization. For soils, this resulted in distribution coefficients KD of 38–642 mL/g for abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin. Moxidectin displayed KD between 166 and 3123 mL/g. Normalized to soil organic carbon, log KOC coefficients were 3.63, 3.93, 4.12, and 4.74 mL/g, respectively, revealing high affinity to organic matter of soils and sediments. Within sediments, distribution resulted in higher log KOC of 4.03, 4.13, 4.61, and 4.97 mL/g for the four substances. This emphasizes the diverse nature of organic matter in both environmental media. The results also confirm a newly reported log KOW for ivermectin which is higher than longstanding assumptions. Linear sorption models facilitate comparison with other studies and help establish universal distribution coefficients for the environmental risk assessment of veterinary antiparasitics. Conclusions Since environmental exposure affects soils and sediments, future sorption studies should aim to include both matrices to review these essential pharmaceuticals and mitigate environmental risks from their use. The addition of soils and sediments from the African continent (Morocco) touches upon possible broader applications of ivermectin for human use. Especially for ivermectin and moxidectin, strong sorption further indicates high hydrophobicity and provides initial concern for potential aquatic or terrestrial ecotoxicological effects such as bioaccumulation. Our derived KOW estimates also urge to re-assess this important regulatory parameter with contemporary techniques for all four substances. Graphic abstract

show abstract

Chronic toxicity of ivermectin to the benthic invertebrates Chironomus riparius and Lumbriculus variegatus

Cited by 23 publications

References 40 publications

Environmental risk assessment of ivermectin: A case study

Environmental risk assessment of ivermectin: A case study

A Review on the Toxicity and Non-Target Effects of Macrocyclic Lactones in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments

Sorption of selected antiparasitics in soils and sediments

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About