"Chrome" Dermatitis

Morris, George E.

doi:10.1001/archderm.1958.01560110058008

Cited by 35 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…As early as in 1955, it was demonstrated that human perspiration may lead to migration of Cr(III) within the leather. Morris in 1958 proposed that this pool of migrating Cr(III) may potentially leach out of the leather, thereby getting in contact with the skin (8). In addition, it was demonstrated that the chromium salt leaching out of the leather, basic chromium sulphate, did indeed elicit allergic reactions in patients with foot eczema due to leather shoes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because Cr(VI) is a potent hapten known to cause severe allergic contact dermatitis, the presence of Cr(VI) in leather may be responsible for leather‐induced dermatitis (4–7). Additionally, even though most Cr(III) is thought to be bound to the collagen fibres in leather, a considerable pool has been shown to be potentially bioavailable (8–10). Also possessing an allergenic potential, Cr(III) may too take part in the elicitation of chromium dermatitis due to contact with leather (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in leather and elicitation of eczema

2006

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between the content of Cr(VI) and soluble Cr(III) in leather and the ability of the leather to elicit eczema in chromium allergic patients. An array of chromium-tanned leather samples was analysed for the content of total Cr(VI) and soluble Cr(III) using the DIN 53314 and the DS/EN 420 methods. Subsequently, a group of 15 patients with a history of foot eczema and leather exposure was exposed to a selection of 14 chromium- and 1 vegetable-tanned leather sample on the upper back for 48 hr. In addition, one leather sample was used for a prolonged 14-day exposure study. In total, 4 of the 15 patients reacted to at least one leather sample, and 5 of the 14 leather samples elicited a reaction in at least 1 patient. The prolonged exposure study demonstrated that an extended exposure period may reveal allergenic potential of a leather sample not otherwise identified using an ordinary 48-hr exposure period. No relation was observed between the measured content of Cr(VI) and soluble Cr(III) in the leather and the elicitation of eczema. Thus, in order to evaluate the quality of chromium-tanned leather in relation to preventing allergic skin reactions, other more clinical relevant methods reflecting the actual bioavailable Cr(III) and Cr(VI) fractions should be developed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in leather and elicitation of eczema

2006

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“…These reports of relatively high rates of sensitization to chromium are not consistent with the weight of data because other studies of chromium dermatitis generally have shown that a low incidence is observed in most industries (Bidstrup, 1989;Burrows, 1978;Engebrigtsen, 1952;Gafafer, 1953;Hjerpe, 1986;Korallus, 1974;Lee and Goh, 1988;Levin et al, 1959;Morris, 1958;Peltonen and Fraki, 1983;Rudski et al, 1989;Winston and Walsh, 1951). Because these studies did not include confirmatory patch testing, it is likely that dermatoses other than ACD were present.…”

Section: Occupational Experience With Hexavalent Chromiummentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Over the past 60 years, many cases of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis have been reported as a result of occupational exposure to Cr(VI) (Burrows, 1978;Engebrigtsen, 1952;Jaeger and Pelloni, 1950;Lee and Goh, 1988;Levin et al, 1959;Morris, 1958;Winston and Walsh, 1951). Most people have been sensitized to Cr(V!)…”

Section: Occupational Experience With Hexavalent Chromiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most people have been sensitized to Cr(V!) as a result of occupational exposure to wet cement or chromic acid (Burrows and Adams, 1990;Engebrigtsen, 1952;Hovding, 1970;Jaeger and Pelloni, 1950;Morris, 1958;Winston and Walsh, 1951). In contrast, exposure to dry cement has been shown to pose a negligible hazard (Calnan, 1960).…”

Section: Occupational Experience With Hexavalent Chromiummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of the allergic contact dermatitis hazard posed by chromium‐contaminated soil: Identifying a “safe” concentration

Paustenbach

Sheehan

Paull

et al. 1992

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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At least 200 sites in the United States contain soil with elevated levels of trivalent and hexavalent chromium [Cr(III) and Cr(VI)]. Although the potential cancer hazard posed by airborne Cr(VI) has been the primary concern for these sites, a soil cleanup standard based on the potential elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis has been proposed for sites in Hudson County, N.J. This paper describes the rationale for identifying a soil concentration of Cr(VI) that should not pose an allergic contact dermatitis hazard-even in sensitized persons. A literature review of eight published patch test studies that evaluated the allergic response to potassium dichromate was conducted. These studies were evaluated for clinical and statistical relevance in establishing a threshold dose of Cr(VI) to which no more than 10% of the subpopulation sensitized to chromium would respond, and that would protect at least 99.84% of the general population. Although each of the studies had certain methodological limitations when evaluated against current test methods, the data set proved useful for deriving an estimated threshold. Using computer data-fitting techniques based on truncated lognormal distributions, a weighted mean 10% threshold of approximately 150 ppm potassium dichromate or 54 ppm Cr(VI) was identified for the eight studies. Due to the types of limitations noted for these studies, this threshold is likely to be somewhat conservative. Test results have shown that between 5 and 10% of the Cr(VI) at concentrations less than about 500 ppm are released from a soil matrix into an isotonic saline solution simulating sweat. Using human sweat as the extractant, it has been shown that only 0.1% of the CR(VI) at concentrations of approximately 1,000 ppm are released from a soil matrix into sweat. Based on 10% solubilization of soil-bound Cr(VI) and the results of our statistical analysis of previous threshold studies, a concentration of approximately 350 to 500 ppm Cr(VI) in soil should be sufficiently low to protect virtually all exposed people, including children, from chromium-induced allergic contact dermatitis.

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Carrier Specificity of Tuberculin-Type Reaction to Trivalent Chromium

Cohen¹

1966

Arch Dermatol

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"Chrome" Dermatitis

Cited by 35 publications

References 8 publications

Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in leather and elicitation of eczema

Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in leather and elicitation of eczema

Review of the allergic contact dermatitis hazard posed by chromium‐contaminated soil: Identifying a “safe” concentration

Carrier Specificity of Tuberculin-Type Reaction to Trivalent Chromium

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