Cholesterol‐loaded cyclodextrin attenuates dilution effect and improves quality of bovine low sperm insemination doses during cryopreservation

Abstract

Semen cryopreservation plays a vital role in the success of artificial insemination (AI), which is the mostly applied technology for the production and genetic improvement of bovine (Lone et al., 2019;Vishwanath & Shannon, 2000). Although the quality of cryopreserved semen has enhanced during the past several decades, around 50% of the spermatozoa are damaged during the freeze-thaw process, leading to reduced freezability and capacity to fertilise (Layek et al., 2016), which is responsible for the limited genetic impact of proven sires in AI industry (Celeghini et al., 2008;Woelders et al., 1997).AI doses containing less number of spermatozoa are increasing widely to exploit the potential of genetically prestigious sires and make the potential use of sex-sorted semen (Lone et al., 2017;Mohanty et al., 2018;Negoita et al., 1979). One of the critical elements for an outstanding breeding programme is deciding the sperm dosage to achieve reasonable pregnancies without compromising the bull fertility. Numerous factors are responsible for compromised fertility level of the spermatozoa, including inherent fertility

Effect of over dilution of semen with tris extender on motion and functional attributes of bull spermatozoa during cryopreservation

“…Each qualifying ejaculate was split to 4 aliquots and diluted with egg yolk tris glycerol (EYTG) extender up to 20, 15, 10 and 5 million spermatozoa/0.25 ml, respectively. This was followed by packing aliquots into straws (0.25 ml), equilibrated at 4°C for 4 h, and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (Lone et al, 2021).…”

“…In order to make extensive use of sex‐sorted semen in dairying and to ensure maximum distribution of elite semen, small sperm doses are packed in the straws followed by their cryopreservation (Ballester et al, 2007; Mohanty et al, 2018). Few studies revealed that the frozen–thawed sperm quality gets compromised at higher dilutions in terms of individual motility (Karan et al, 2018), live sperm count (Garner et al, 1997), membrane intactness (Lone et al, 2021) and acrosomal integrity (Karan et al, 2018; Lone, Mohanty, Bhakat, Paray, Baithalu, et al, 2020). How the different sperm motion and functional attributes are affected by extensive semen dilution remains to be elucidated, so the present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of dilution of bull semen from 20 million to 5 million (M), sperm dose per straw on post‐thaw sperm motion characteristics (total motility [TM], progressive motility [PM], rapid motility [RM], slow motility [SM], average path velocity [VAP], straight linear velocity [VSL], curvilinear velocity [VCL], amplitude of lateral head displacement [ALH], beat cross frequency [BCF], straightness [STR] and linearity [LIN]), and sperm function attributes (live spermatozoa, moribund spermatozoa, dead spermatozoa, live acrosome intact [LAI] spermatozoa, live acrosome reacted [LAR] spermatozoa, dead acrosome intact [DAI] spermatozoa, dead acrosome reacted [DAR] spermatozoa, hypo‐osmotic swelling test [HOST], protamine deficiency, non‐capacitated [NC] spermatozoa, capacitated spermatozoa, acrosome reacted [AR] spermatozoa and lipid peroxidation [LPO]).…”

“…In order to make extensive use of sex-sorted semen in dairying and to ensure maximum distribution of elite semen, small sperm doses are packed in the straws followed by their cryopreservation (Ballester et al, 2007;Mohanty et al, 2018). Few studies revealed that the frozen-thawed sperm quality gets compromised at higher dilutions in terms of individual motility (Karan et al, 2018), live sperm count (Garner et al, 1997), membrane intactness (Lone et al, 2021) and acrosomal integrity (Karan et al, 2018;.…”

Fertility Rate and Assessment of the Cytoprotective Capacity of Various Types of Holothuroidea Extracts on Spermatozoa

“…The positive effect of the sea cucumber extract reported in this study is probably due to the specific composition of the sea cucumber itself. Both polysaccharides [28], saponins [29], polyphenols, and cholesterol [30] have been shown to have a beneficial effect on sperm. The health-promoting properties of sea cucumber result from the content of many biologically active substances [30,31].…”

“…Both polysaccharides [28], saponins [29], polyphenols, and cholesterol [30] have been shown to have a beneficial effect on sperm. The health-promoting properties of sea cucumber result from the content of many biologically active substances [30,31]. It is known that sea cucumbers are rich in polysaccharides, such as glucosamines, galactose, or glucuronic acid, which have antioxidant properties.…”