“Chocolate city, vanilla suburbs:” Will the trend toward racially separate communities continue?

Farley, Reynolds; Schuman, Howard; Bianchi, Suzanne M.; Colasanto, Diane; Hatchett, Shirley

doi:10.1016/0049-089x(78)90017-0

Cited by 393 publications

(246 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Xie & Zhou (2012) use stated preferences research from the US to test whether there are individual differences in racial tolerance. Based on Farley-Schuman show cards (Farley et al, 1978) they test if people would want to move into neighbourhoods with increasing shares of blacks and model the effect of personal characteristics on tolerance for black neighbours. They find that home-owners, parents with children living at home, married couples, older people and lower educated people are less tolerant to Black neighbours.…”

Section: Other Differences In the Effect Of Neighbourhood Ethnic Compmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in the neighbourhood level determinants of residential satisfaction

Boschman

2018

Housing Studies

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a department of sociology, utrecht university, utrecht, the netherlands; b otB-Research for the Built environment, delft university of technology, delft, the netherlands ABSTRACT Residential satisfaction is a key variable in understanding residential mobility. Many researchers have studied the individual level and neighbourhood level determinants of satisfaction, however, very few have studied which neighbourhood characteristics affect satisfaction for whom. In this paper, ordered logit models are estimated, explaining satisfaction from neighbourhood characteristics, personal characteristics and interactions. These interactions test whether neighbourhood characteristics have similar effects on satisfaction for all individuals, or whether individual characteristics affect the size and direction of these effects. Satisfaction is found to be less affected by the share of ethnic minorities for ethnic minorities than for natives, because minorities are more satisfied in neighbourhoods with higher shares of their own ethnic group. Neighbourhood characteristics are found to have a stronger effect on satisfaction for owner-occupiers and parents with children than for others, however the impact of neighbourhood ethnic composition does not vary with tenure or household type.

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Section: Other Differences In the Effect Of Neighbourhood Ethnic Compmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in the neighbourhood level determinants of residential satisfaction

Boschman

2018

Housing Studies

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“…One proximate cause of this phenomenon is whites' widespread attitude of preferring not to live in the same neighborhoods with blacks (2,3). Although there are signs that racial residential segregation has lessened in recent decades, it remains very strong in many American metropolitan areas today (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, it has been long known in the literature on racial residential segregation that individuals' neighborhood preferences vary greatly, with some whites being willing to tolerate some representation of black neighbors (2,6,17,18). We capitalize on this knowledge and empirically estimate the heterogeneity of whites' attitudes toward having black neighbors, using survey data collected in four large metropolitan areas (Detroit, Atlanta, Los Angeles, and Boston).…”

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confidence: 99%

Modeling individual-level heterogeneity in racial residential segregation

Xie

Zhou

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We investigate the dynamic relationship between residential choices of individuals and resulting long-term aggregate segregation patterns, allowing for feedback effects of macrolevel neighborhood conditions on residential choices. We reinterpret past survey data on whites' attitudes about desired neighborhoods as revealing large heterogeneity in whites' tolerance of black neighbors. Through agent-based modeling, we improve on a previous model of residential racial segregation by introducing individual-level heterogeneity in racial tolerance. Our model predicts, in the long run, a lower level of residential racial segregation than would be true with homogeneous racial tolerance. Further analysis shows that whites' tolerance of black neighbors is closely associated with their overall racial attitudes toward blacks.population heterogeneity | Schelling model | Guttman scale | Detroit Area Study | segregation index R acial residential segregation is an enduring social phenomenon in American society that has a negative impact on the black population (1). One proximate cause of this phenomenon is whites' widespread attitude of preferring not to live in the same neighborhoods with blacks (2, 3). Although there are signs that racial residential segregation has lessened in recent decades, it remains very strong in many American metropolitan areas today (4). A common measure of segregation is the dissimilarity index (denoted as D), with 0 representing no segregation and 1 representing complete segregation. According to the latest data from the 2010 US decennial census, blacks and whites are still severely segregated in many large metropolitan areas, with D exceeding 0.7 in Detroit, Milwaukee, New York, Newark, Chicago, Philadelphia, Miami, Cleveland, and St. Louis (5). If racial segregation results from whites' racially based residential preferences, do these very high levels of racial residential segregation indicate whites' strong opposition to having blacks as neighbors? This is not necessarily the case. In a highly influential work, Thomas Schelling (6, 7) demonstrated that even a very mild ingroup preference for one's racial group not making up less than 50% of the population in a neighborhood could lead to a high level of racial segregation in the aggregate through a dynamic process. When a white family moves from one neighborhood to another, for example, it changes the racial composition of both the origin neighborhood (i.e., making it slightly less white) and the destination neighborhood (i.e., making it slightly whiter), and these changes in neighborhood racial composition could cause other families to move in response. Thus, severe racial segregation may result even though the population does not have a strong race-based preference.Demonstrated with coins and graph paper, Schelling's model was simple. However, it proved powerful in illustrating that small individual preferences can lead to the unexpected emergence of severe segregation in a population. Schelling's model contained two important features that make ...

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“…The sorts of phenomena observed in these experiments are indicative of lock-out situations in wealthy suburbs, whereby lower income groups are barred entry to suburban areas because properties there are not affordable (for discussion in US contexts, see Cronin, 1982;Farley and Frey, 1994;Farley et al, 1978;Galster, 1991;Knox, 1989). Even if affordable housing is constructed in these areas, lower income groups may still be excluded by minimum lot requirementsözoning codes that place a minimum size on residential lots.…”

Section: An Economic Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intention is to provide a realistic opportunity setting for household automata. Considered collectively, this setting forms a spatial landscape of socioeconomic attributes (after Knox, 1989;O'Flaherty, 1996;Rossi, 1955), with which simulated households may engage and within which they may interactölocation stressors (after Clark and Cadwaller, 1973); economic attributes (after DiPasquale and Wheaton, 1996;Rosen, 1974); and ethnic factors (after Cronin, 1982;Farley and Frey, 1994;Farley et al, 1978;Galster, 1991).…”

Section: State Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Geographic Automata Model of Residential Mobility

Torrens

2007

Environ Plann B Plann Des

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In this paper is described a model of residential mobility, built to simulate individual households, their perception of and reaction to varying conditions across different scales of interaction, and their movements to occupy housing in a physical, social, and economic environment. The methodology underpinning the model is based on an automata core, which leverages the advantages it offers in terms of representing individual entities and their rule-based interactions. This methodology is extended, however, to incorporate geography-specific functionality, with advantages for the modeling of human systems. The applicability of the methodology is demonstrated through the development of a rich model of residential mobility, in which individual households interact with other households and real-estate infrastructure, dynamically in space and time, to form synthetic communities and artificial property submarkets. Use of the model for what-if experimentation is demonstrated with synthetic economic and sociodemographic simulation scenarios.

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“Chocolate city, vanilla suburbs:” Will the trend toward racially separate communities continue?

Cited by 393 publications

References 6 publications

Individual differences in the neighbourhood level determinants of residential satisfaction

Individual differences in the neighbourhood level determinants of residential satisfaction

Modeling individual-level heterogeneity in racial residential segregation

A Geographic Automata Model of Residential Mobility

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