Chlorine

Abstract

Chlorine, produced by the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, is one of the top 10 commodity chemicals, in terms of capacity, in the United States. Chlorine is used for manufacturing a wide variety of organic and inorganic chemicals, in addition to being used in paper and pulp production and for water treatment. This article reviews the fundamental aspects related to the production of chlorine, electrolytic cell technologies to manufacture chlorine, with focus on the modern ion‐exchange cells, brine purification schemes, and chlorine processing steps. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of chlorine are listed along with the storage, transportation and environmental aspects related to chlorine. The current market profile of chlorine and its future growth opportunities are presented here, with a listing of the present operating chlorine plants in the United States.

Addressing the terawatt challenge: scalability in the supply of chemical elements for renewable energy

“…Cl 2 production was on the order of 50 Mt yr 21 (log(p)y10.7) in the year 2000. 10,11,14 N. The stated production figure is the amount of nitrogen which was fixed to ammonia in 2010 (Haber-Bosch process). China (32%), India (8.9%), Russia (7.9%) and the USA (6.3%) are the largest producers.…”

“…NaOH is a major derived product (corresponding to Cl 2 of which it is a co-product). 10,11,14 O. The total global production of pure oxygen is not known, but since it is separated (together with nitrogen and argon) by distillation of liquefied air it has been estimated from the data for argon production.…”

Integrated Valorization of Desalination Brine through NaOH Recovery: Opportunities and Challenges

“…[67,68] Thec hlor-alkali diaphragm process tends to have slightly higher electrical energy usage,1 .94-2.51 kWh e kg À1 NaOH, as well as higher thermal energy consumption, 0.128-0.196 kWh e kg À1 (on an exergetic basis). [67,68] Thec hlor-alkali diaphragm process tends to have slightly higher electrical energy usage,1 .94-2.51 kWh e kg À1 NaOH, as well as higher thermal energy consumption, 0.128-0.196 kWh e kg À1 (on an exergetic basis).…”

Electrochemical cell design for the impedance studies of chlorine evolution at DSA® anodes

“…2 Three electrochemical cell technologies are well established for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide-mercury, diaphragm, and membrane cells. 2,3 However, due to the economic and environmental issues, mercury and diaphragm cells have been replaced and almost all new plants are equipped with membrane cells. 3,4 In a membrane cell, the anode and the cathode compartments are separated by a cation exchange membrane.…”

“…2,3 However, due to the economic and environmental issues, mercury and diaphragm cells have been replaced and almost all new plants are equipped with membrane cells. 3,4 In a membrane cell, the anode and the cathode compartments are separated by a cation exchange membrane. At the cathode, a nickel plate, hydrogen, and hydroxide ions are produced by the water reduction.…”