Chlorinated and brominated organic contaminants and metabolites in the plasma and diet of a captive killer whale (Orcinus orca)

Bennett, Erin R.; Ross, Peter S.; Huff, David G.; Alaee, Mehran; Letcher, Robert J.

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.05.005

Cited by 39 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…113,231,240 Hydroxylated PCBs and PBDEs were reported in various tissues of beluga whales, bottlenose dolphins, and killer whales (Orcinus orca). 11,102,143 In particular, the widespread coastal distribution of bottlenose dolphins and their role as apex predators support their relevance as important sentinel species for biomonitoring spatial and temporal trends in contaminants. 29,64,66,67,184,210,234 Interestingly, in a novel POC risk assessment model, marine mammals also have been used as sentinel species for Arctic ecosystem and public health.…”

Section: Anthropogenic Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Mammals as Sentinel Species for Oceans and Human Health

2010

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The long-term consequences of climate change and potential environmental degradation are likely to include aspects of disease emergence in marine plants and animals. In turn, these emerging diseases may have epizootic potential, zoonotic implications, and a complex pathogenesis involving other cofactors such as anthropogenic contaminant burden, genetics, and immunologic dysfunction. The concept of marine sentinel organisms provides one approach to evaluating aquatic ecosystem health. Such sentinels are barometers for current or potential negative impacts on individual- and population-level animal health. In turn, using marine sentinels permits better characterization and management of impacts that ultimately affect animal and human health associated with the oceans. Marine mammals are prime sentinel species because many species have long life spans, are long-term coastal residents, feed at a high trophic level, and have unique fat stores that can serve as depots for anthropogenic toxins. Marine mammals may be exposed to environmental stressors such as chemical pollutants, harmful algal biotoxins, and emerging or resurging pathogens. Since many marine mammal species share the coastal environment with humans and consume the same food, they also may serve as effective sentinels for public health problems. Finally, marine mammals are charismatic megafauna that typically stimulate an exaggerated human behavioral response and are thus more likely to be observed.

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Section: Anthropogenic Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Mammals as Sentinel Species for Oceans and Human Health

2010

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“…While the toxic effect of the antifoulant herbicide diuron to the photosynthetic aquatic biota has been widely studied, its sublethal effects on the different life stages of fish have been under-reported [121]. Diuron has been proven to be very toxic for the reproduction of the green freshwater alga Scenedesmus vacuolatus [60].…”

Section: The Main Type Of Antifouling Used In Aquaculture and Its mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of Using Antifouling Biocides in Aquaculture

Guardiola

Cuesta

Meseguer

et al. 2012

IJMS

211

101

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Biocides are chemical substances that can deter or kill the microorganisms responsible for biofouling. The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry is having a significant impact on the marine ecosystems. As the industry expands, it requires the use of more drugs, disinfectants and antifoulant compounds (biocides) to eliminate the microorganisms in the aquaculture facilities. The use of biocides in the aquatic environment, however, has proved to be harmful as it has toxic effects on the marine environment. Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to the organotin compounds found in antifouling products after restrictions were imposed on the use of tributyltin (TBT). The replacement products are generally based on copper metal oxides and organic biocides. The biocides that are most commonly used in antifouling paints include chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, Sea-nine 211®), Diuron, Irgarol 1051, TCMS pyridine (2,3,3,6-tetrachloro-4-methylsulfonyl pyridine), zinc pyrithione and Zineb. There are two types of risks associated with the use of biocides in aquaculture: (i) predators and humans may ingest the fish and shellfish that have accumulated in these contaminants and (ii) the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This paper provides an overview of the effects of antifouling (AF) biocides on aquatic organisms. It also provides some insights into the effects and risks of these compounds on non-target organisms.

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“…OH-PCBs have been reported in the liver of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) (McKinney et al, 2006) and in the plasma of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (Houde et al, 2006). OH-PBDEs have also been found in beluga whale liver (McKinney et al, 2006) and in the blood of Pacific killer whales (Orcinus orca) (Bennett et al, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%