Chlamydia genomics: providing novel insights into chlamydial biology

Bachmann, Nathan L.; Polkinghorne, Adam; Timms, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.04.013

Cited by 82 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Chlamydiae are Gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogens and symbionts of diverse organisms, ranging from humans to amoebae 1 . The best-studied group in the Chlamydiae phylum is the Chlamydiaceae family, which comprises 11 species that are pathogenic to humans or animals 1 .…”

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“…The best-studied group in the Chlamydiae phylum is the Chlamydiaceae family, which comprises 11 species that are pathogenic to humans or animals 1 . Some species that are pathogenic to animals, such as the avian pathogen Chlamydia psittaci , can be transmitted to humans 1,2 . The mouse pathogen Chlamydia muridarum is a useful model of genital tract infections 3 .…”

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“…Infection with C. trachomatis also facilitates the transmission of HIV and is associated with cervical cancer 4 . C. pneumoniae causes respiratory infections, accounting for ~10% of community-acquired pneumonia, and is linked to a number of chronic diseases, including asthma, atherosclerosis and arthritis 1,2 . Although chlamydial infection is treatable with antibiotics, no drug is sufficiently cost-effective for the elimination of the bacterium in developing nations, and an effective vaccine has thus far been elusive 6 .…”

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Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis

2016

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Chlamydia spp. are important causes of human disease for which no effective vaccine exists. These obligate intracellular pathogens replicate in a specialized membrane compartment and use a large arsenal of secreted effectors to survive in the hostile intracellular environment of the host. In this Review, we summarize the progress in decoding the interactions between Chlamydia spp. and their hosts that has been made possible by recent technological advances in chlamydial proteomics and genetics. The field is now poised to decipher the molecular mechanisms that underlie the intimate interactions between Chlamydia spp. and their hosts, which will open up many exciting avenues of research for these medically important pathogens.

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Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis

2016

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“…High-throughput comparative genome sequencing of cultured isolates has fundamentally changed our understanding of the biology and genetic relationships of chlamydial species infecting a wide range of human and animal hosts (10). To date, however, a major limitation of this approach has been the requirement for extensive passaging in tissue culture to generate a sufficient concentration of chlamydial DNA for the purpose of genome sequencing (11)(12)(13)(14).…”

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Culture-Independent Genome Sequencing of Clinical Samples Reveals an Unexpected Heterogeneity of Infections by Chlamydia pecorum

et al. 2015

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bChlamydia pecorum is an important global pathogen of livestock, and it is also a significant threat to the long-term survival of Australia's koala populations. This study employed a culture-independent DNA capture approach to sequence C. pecorum genomes directly from clinical swab samples collected from koalas with chlamydial disease as well as from sheep with arthritis and conjunctivitis. Investigations into single-nucleotide polymorphisms within each of the swab samples revealed that a portion of the reads in each sample belonged to separate C. pecorum strains, suggesting that all of the clinical samples analyzed contained mixed populations of genetically distinct C. pecorum isolates. This observation was independent of the anatomical site sampled and the host species. Using the genomes of strains identified in each of these samples, whole-genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that a clade containing a bovine and a koala isolate is distinct from other clades comprised of livestock or koala C. pecorum strains. Providing additional evidence to support exposure of koalas to Australian livestock strains, two minor strains assembled from the koala swab samples clustered with livestock strains rather than koala strains. Culture-independent probebased genome capture and sequencing of clinical samples provides the strongest evidence yet to suggest that naturally occurring chlamydial infections are comprised of multiple genetically distinct strains. Chlamydia pecorum is a widespread pathogen of economically important livestock species, such as cattle and sheep. In cattle, C. pecorum is associated with sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis (SBE), which presents as a fever followed by limb stiffness and staggering (1). In sheep, C. pecorum infections commonly are linked to polyarthritis and conjunctivitis, which can spread rapidly in a flock (2, 3). While these infections are economically relevant to producers, most C. pecorum infections in ruminants appear to be asymptomatic or subclinical, characterized by a consistent presence in the gastrointestinal tract (4, 5). While questions remain over the impact of these infections in livestock globally, the best example of the pathogenic potential of this obligate intracellular bacterium actually is found in koalas, a native Australian marsupial that continues to experience localized extinctions. C. pecorum infections in koalas can cause debilitating ocular and urogenital tract diseases (6, 7). Epidemiological questions have been raised about the relationships between C. pecorum strains infecting domesticated animals and the koala, with a recent C. pecorum multilocus sequence typing (MLST) study revealing the presence of identical sequence types in samples collected from each host (8). As a follow-up to these studies, we recently sequenced the genomes of several cultured koala C. pecorum isolates, revealing a high degree of synteny and sequence identity (98.5 to 98.8%) with C. pecorum genomes from European and U.S. cattle and sheep (9).High-throughput comparative genome sequencin...

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“…The diagnostic rates for C. trachomatis infection have increased dramatically over the last decade. [19,20] Repeated infections of C. trachomatis are very common and may represent reinfection from an untreated partner or treatment failure. [21] The individuals included in this relatively small study were studied over a 6-month period and any infection/ reinfection cases were included and recorded.…”

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Systemic Antibody Response to Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in Patients Either Infected or Reinfected with Different Chlamydia Serovars

Gupta

Waugh

Ziklo

et al. 2017

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Original Article IntroductIonChlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in humans.[1] The prevalence of C. trachomatis infection has been rising progressively in many countries, with >100 million new cases estimated annually around the globe (WHO).[2] An estimated 3-4 million new cases occur every year in the US, 5 million in Western Europe and 16 million in Sub-Saharan Africa.[3] The largest burden of C. trachomatis infection occurs in women, where complications can include pelvic inflammatory disease. However, because patients with C. trachomatis urogenital infections often do not exhibit any symptoms (75%-90% of patients), they remain undiagnosed and untreated. This can lead to tubal factor infertility, miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. [4][5][6] Genital Chlamydia infections also increase the susceptibility to other sexually transmitted agents, such as HIV. [7] Repeated chlamydial genital infections are common and account for a substantial proportion of incident infections.[8]Although C. trachomatis infections can be treated effectively with antibiotics such as azithromycin, or doxycycline, almost one-fourth of individuals are re-infected with C. trachomatis.[9]Repeated infections result from failure of antibiotic therapy or from reinfection due to continued unprotected sexual contact Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent for the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection in both developed and developing countries. The aim of present study was to characterize the antibody response between two groups of individuals, having either a single C. trachomatis infection and or repeated infections. Material and Methods: Current study consisted of two groups, one with an initial Chlamydia infection and a second with repeated infections. A titre based estimation of specific serum (IgG and IgA) levels using ELISA were performed, which further validated by western blot. In vitro neutralizing ability of each patient's serum against both homologous and heterologous strains was also determined. Results: Individuals infected with one of the C. trachomatis serovars D, E or K exhibited a strong systemic antibody response as characterized by ELISA and western blot. These individuals may have developed at least some level of protection as they only represented single infection. By comparison, individuals infected with serovar D, E or F that exhibited low systemic antibody response often presented repeated C. trachomatis infections, suggesting an association with poor immune response. An in vitro neutralizing level of 60-90% was observed in the human sera against homologous serovar D and two heterologous C. trachomatis serovars E and K, compared to <40% against heterologous serovars F. Conclusion: Individuals infected with serovars D and K showed a potential association between circulating antibody response and re-infection risk. While the patients infected with serovars E showed a disconnection between systemic antibody response and re-...

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Chlamydia genomics: providing novel insights into chlamydial biology

Cited by 82 publications

References 82 publications

Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis

Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis

Culture-Independent Genome Sequencing of Clinical Samples Reveals an Unexpected Heterogeneity of Infections by Chlamydia pecorum

Systemic Antibody Response to Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in Patients Either Infected or Reinfected with Different Chlamydia Serovars

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