“…At present, copper and its oxide catalysts have attracted wide interest as a promising substituent for expensive noble metal catalysts (Au, Ag, and Pd) to the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. A large number of copper-based catalysts with high catalytic activity have been developed, such as copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs), 3 − 5 Cu 2 O NPs, 6 , 7 CuO NPs, 8 Cu@M (M = Au, Ag, and Pd), 9 − 12 Cu@Cu 2 O, 13 Cu@C, 14 Cu@MOF, 15 , 16 Cu@Polymer, 17 Cu@Cu 2 O@CuO, 18 and other composites. 19 − 21 These catalysts often involve complex preparation steps and have to be dispersed in solution to form a heterogeneous system.…”