China’s Water-Saving Irrigation Management System: Policy, Implementation, and Challenge

Yao, Liuyang; Zhao, Minjuan; Xu, Tao

doi:10.3390/su9122339

Cited by 41 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Policy has too often favored agriculture over aquaculture, especially for access to water. This bias, which occurs in both water-abundant [60,215] and water-scarce regions [200,[216][217][218], reinforces the shortsighted view that aquaculture is an isolated, subordinate sector [103,141,219,220] and has contributed to actions that curb and even reverse the development of aquaculture in shared waters [52,54,61]. The absence of policies supportive of aquaculture characterize much of arid Asia [198,199], and this, too, has constrained the development of IAA in irrigation waters [194,221,222].…”

Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intensification and reliance on technology (Figure 4), including biotechnology [230][231][232], can nevertheless increase food productivity per unit of area and unit of water consumption while simultaneously generating other efficiencies [215], i.e., alleviating the need for scarce labor in small-scale IAA systems [156]. However, technology and intensification can also create new tradeoffs by promoting crop monocultures and continuous aquaculture or rendering aquaculture dependent on agricultural feeds [15,233].…”

Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water and Land as Shared Resources for Agriculture and Aquaculture: Insights from Asia

Pueppke

Nurtazin

2020

Water

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Although agriculture and aquaculture depend on access to increasingly scarce, shared water resources to produce food for human consumption, they are most often considered in isolation. We argue that they should be treated as integrated components of a single complex system that is prone to direct or indirect tradeoffs that should be avoided while also being amenable to synergies that should be sought. Direct tradeoffs such as competition for space or the pollution of shared water resources usually occur when the footprints of agriculture and aquaculture overlap or when the two practices coexist in close proximity to one another. Interactions can be modulated by factors such as hydropower infrastructure and short-term economic incentives, both of which are known to disrupt the balance between aquaculture and agriculture. Indirect tradeoffs, on the other hand, play out across distances, i.e., when agricultural food sources are diverted to feed animals in aquaculture. Synergies are associated with the culture of aquatic organisms in rice paddies and irrigation waters, seasonal rotations of crop cultivation with aquaculture, and various forms of integrated agriculture–aquaculture (IAA), including jitang, a highly developed variant of pond-dike IAA. Policy decisions, socioeconomic considerations, and technology warrant increased scrutiny as determinants of tradeoffs and synergies. Priority issues for the future include guiding the expansion of aquaculture from its traditional base in Asia, taking advantage of the heterogeneity that exists within both agricultural and aquaculture systems, the development of additional metrics of tradeoffs and synergies, and adapting to the effects of climate change.

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Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water and Land as Shared Resources for Agriculture and Aquaculture: Insights from Asia

Pueppke

Nurtazin

2020

Water

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“…In this paper, using the user-generated doubleb command in Stata 15.0 software [48], the parameters have been estimated by maximizing the log-likelihood function of Equation (4). The results are shown in Table 2, including the constant-only model (Model 1) and model with covariates (Model 2).…”

Section: Model Estimation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Willingness to Pay for Enhanced Water Security in a Rapidly Developing Shale Gas Region in China

Danlu

Bai

Yin³

et al. 2019

Water

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With the rapid development of shale gas exploration (SGE) in China, there is an urgent need to evaluate the public’s preferences with respect to the environmental risks that go along with the exploration, which have not yet been studied in the literature. This study aims to estimate local residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a water security-enhanced scenario in the Fuling shale gas field, Chongqing, China. Using the double-bounded contingent valuation method, we estimate that the annual mean WTP is 32.655 Chinese yuan per year per household, which accounts for 3.80% of the basic household gas bill. The results also show that WTP is significantly influenced by the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, including the age of the respondent, household location, household income, and primary source of household income. Moreover, the respondents’ satisfaction with respect to the environmental impacts caused by SGE also has negative influences on the WTP. Thus, our analysis estimates the affected public’s benefits during SGE and provides insight into the relevant policymaking process.

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“…The Ministry of Water Resources' irrigated area statistics (MoWR, 2006), which are known as effective irrigated area (EIA), are generally based on data that originate from irrigation projects and the irrigation stations in townships, and these data are usually collected by observing the fields which were irrigated (Nickum, 1995;Yao et al, 2017;personal communication, 2015a). Note that EIA does not include irrigated pastures, orchards and forests (Zhu et al, 2014).…”

Section: Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Data Collection Methodologies of Irrigated Areas and Their Limitations: A Review

Ammar

Karimi

Cai

et al. 2019

Irrigation and Drainage

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Inconsistencies in the statistical data sets of irrigated areas at the national level could have considerable implications for policies developed for food and water security. Remote sensing can address this issue; however, doubts about its reliability inhibit its protagonist role. Methods that integrate both remote sensing based and statistical data sets seem expedient, and they are more likely to be acknowledged by policymakers. Therefore, it is important for scientists to know the basis and limitations of statistical data sets which originate at the country level. Data collection methodologies of irrigated areas have been reviewed for seven Asian countries, namely China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Indonesia and Thailand. Factors causing the uncertainties in data, and the limitations of data collection methodologies, were highlighted. Also, an irrigation density distribution analysis was conducted to understand the relation of spatial spread pattern of irrigated areas and uncertainty in their statistical records. It was found that irrigated area statistics are mostly based on information originating from water user associations and farmers, which is either self‐reported or collected through interviews during surveys and censuses. The main causes of discrepancy were lack of resources to frequently enumerate the irrigated land, inconsistency in data collection methodologies, unaccounted secondary crops, illegal and unregulated water use, and bureaucratic and political constraints. Irrigation density distribution analysis showed that largely scattered irrigated areas might be prone to a lack of comprehensive and frequent enumeration. Furthermore, dense irrigation regions might have potentially unrecorded irrigated areas where temporary or supplementary irrigation arrangements are made by marginal farmers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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China’s Water-Saving Irrigation Management System: Policy, Implementation, and Challenge

Cited by 41 publications

References 39 publications

Water and Land as Shared Resources for Agriculture and Aquaculture: Insights from Asia

Water and Land as Shared Resources for Agriculture and Aquaculture: Insights from Asia

Willingness to Pay for Enhanced Water Security in a Rapidly Developing Shale Gas Region in China

Statistical Data Collection Methodologies of Irrigated Areas and Their Limitations: A Review

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