“…Second, goal‐based governance typically proceeds in a campaign mode, temporarily replacing standard operating procedures with focused problem‐solving mechanisms and mobilizing human and material resources within a specified period of time triggered by top‐down administrative orders (Guttman & Song, ; Zhou, ), in contrast to the steady deployment of enforcement activities over time in rule‐based governance systems. Campaigns have been a central element of China's governance processes since the Imperial Era (Liu, Lo, Zhan, & Wang, ; Tanner, ; Xu, Tang, & Guttman, ). Since the Huai River case in the 1990s, campaigns have become a common practice in environmental governance in China, often including quick shutdowns of polluting industrial enterprises (Zhang, ).…”