China–Pakistan Economic Corridor: Macro Environmental Factors and Security Challenges

Abstract

Pakistan, excepting external issues, has been enduring from chronic problems, that is, political-military anarchy, bad-governance, interprovincial conflicts, social divisions, sectarian influence, and terrorism resulting negatively on inland politics, economics, socioculture, and techno-industry (PEST). This amplified domestic instability and governmental dependency toward external support. Appropriately, China’s recent FDI for CPEC is aimed to revive Pakistan’s energy, transport, infrastructure, industries and also procure China’s energy and trade transmission, and opportunities. So far, some studies separately have reported favorable and unfavorable effects emerged between projects and local PEST domains. Apart from numerous advantages, the drawbacks are also found many that are not limited to institutional concerns, project misappropriations, ethnic and provincial reservations, opposition, and targeted terrorism. Therefore, current study systematically revolves around exploring, comparing, and analyzing the cross-impact among CPEC, PEST, and Security concomitantly. Employing qualitative interviews, all-round literature, and statistical index datasets, study determines that the security risk is critical for Chinese manpower whereas the concerns of inter-government, projects, institutions, civil-military, and ethnicities are somehow manageable. Results show positive trend in Pakistan’s many PEST indicators except political violence, corruption, security costs and threats, electricity costs and supply, debts, imports, and forestry that are in continuous negative impact. Moreover, opposition, trust-deficit, and attacks against CPEC are yet unchanged factors. The study, therefore, argues that if negative impact factors are recognized for elimination, the CPEC as a result will improve the both host and investor environments with promised socioeconomic advantages, and minimize challenges including terrorism. In last, study also suggests various practical and policy implications.

Assessing the Impact of Community Factors on Local Community Support for Tourism: An Empirical Investigation of the China-Pakistan-Economic Corridor

“…Local communities are a major stakeholder in the success of tourism development, so it is essential that they develop a positive perception of tourism (Saad et al, 2020). Lack of coordination and collaboration will lead to further delays and challenges in the implementation of the CPEC development project while the use of social media can enhance its overall support within local communities (Surahio et al, 2022). In addition, if a positive perception of tourism is generated among Pakistani locals through social media, their overall attitude toward tourism development will be more positive.…”

Cost of organizational citizenship behaviors: serial mediation model of citizenship fatigue

“…In the same manner, workaholism is emerging among employees in several sectors of Pakistan to survive jobs (Surahio et al , 2022), as the country is continuously facing a declining economic situation, unstable politics and increasing competition. However, conviction about workaholism needs further understanding, as long working hours are still appreciated in various organizations instead of distinguishing between obsessive employees.…”

Green Practices in Mega Development Projects of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor

“…It is thus vital to understand the CPEC initiative from the public's perspective directly involved in the project execution to understand the compliance level with green practices in the different mega development projects. While the CPEC project will foster economic development and integration for the countries involved [37][38][39][40], it should come at a reasonable cost to the environment and the people in the project areas [41][42][43].…”