Investigating the linkage between financial development (
FD
) and carbon emissions is important for mitigating climate change. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of studies investigating how carbon emissions decouple from
FD
. Here, we investigate the relationship between
FD
and carbon emissions by using the decoupling model based on cross-province data of China during 2000–2019. Then, we use the decomposition method to analyze the nine drivers of decoupling elasticity of
FD
and CO
2
emissions. We found that China experienced weak decoupling and strong negative decoupling in most years. Only the finance develops at a very high level; the
FD
had spare capacities to promote the reduction in the carbon emissions. For example, several developed provinces (e.g., Tianjin, Zhejiang, Guangdong) realized strong decoupling after 2012. The reduction in energy intensity and the increase of foreign direct investment promoted the decoupling of
FD
from carbon emissions. During the financial recession period, developing a bank-based financial market helped the emissions reduction. Once financial crisis is overcome, developing a market-based financial market promoted the decoupling of
FD
from emissions. This is because that with the fast
FD
, the development of stock market contributed to emission reductions through technological improvement, while the bank loans inhibited the decoupling process through the expansion of capital-labor inputs. Overall, these results help in the assessment of the emissions impacts of
FD
and in addressing climate change problems.