“…Although little is known about how young children determine whether to tell white lies in sensitive situations, research on responses to disappointing gifts has firmly established that the capacity to hide the truth emerges early (Cole, 1986; Davis, 1995; Hudson & Jacques, 2014; Popliger, Talwar, & Crossman, 2011; Saarni, 1984; Talwar, Murphy & Lee, 2007; Williams, Kirmayer, Simon, & Talwar, 2013; Xu, Bao, Fu, Talwar, & Lee, 2010). By age 3, some children are able to hide their disappointment in the presence of the gift giver (Cole, 1986), and children across a wide range of ages will claim to like a disappointing gift when they are asked about it, at a rate that sometimes exceeds 50% (Popliger et al, 2011; Talwar & Lee, 2002; Williams et al, 2013). Popliger et al (2011) found that children were more likely to falsely claim to like a gift when the personal costs were low (i.e., if it did not require them to surrender a desirable gift), and Williams et al (2013) found that children were more likely to make such claims to strangers than to their parents.…”