Chemical state of Ti in sodium alanate doped with TiCl3 using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Dry Etching Properties of TiO2Thin Film Using Inductively Coupled Plasma for Resistive Random Access Memory Application

“…Ti 2p peaks in Fig. 6 were deconvoluted to Ti-O x , Ti-O (2-x) , and Ti x O y peaks for the as-deposited sample, and Ti-Cl x , and TixOy peaks appeard for the BCl 3 /He plasma etched sample [13,14]. After etching in BCl 3 /He plasma, the Ti 2p peaks shifted by 0.5 eV toward low binding energy.…”

Ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) studies of morphological trends in high energy milled NaAlH4 powders

“…Since the discovery of catalytic effects in transition metal doped sodium alanate (NaAlH 4 ) powders by Bogdanovic and Schwickardi [1], dopant effects in these powders has been studied in an effort to understand and optimize doping strategies to control kinetic barriers to hydrogen release from alanate powders [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to characterize the local environment of dopant cations in efforts to elucidate dopant effects [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

“…X-ray absorption spectroscopy has been used to characterize the local environment of dopant cations in efforts to elucidate dopant effects [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In addition to understanding chemical effects of dopants, understanding the effect of the doping process on powder morphology, specifically, controlling powder particle surface area, may be one key aspect which could lead to better control of dehydriding kinetic performance in these systems.…”

Mechanochemical synthesis and effect of various additives on the hydrogen absorption–desorption behavior of Na3AlH6

“…Although TiCl 3 has been successfully applied as a dopant for sodium alanate systems, the catalytic mechanism remains unclear. It has been reported that during ball milling the titanium of TiCl 3 is reduced to its metallic state [12]. However, addition of metallic titanium to NaAlH 4 resulted in lower dehydrogenation capacities, indicating that the reduction in the dopant plays more complex role than presumed.…”

“…Bogdanović et al and Singh et al reported that although the formation of NaCl as a by-product reduces the overall reversible hydrogen capacity, it acts as a grain refiner for NaH. Similarly, Al x Ti y species have been found to act as a grain refiner for Al as well, preventing particle growth [12][13][14]. The presence of grain refiners in combination with the vacancies and defects created during the ball-milling process seems to be crucial.…”