Chemical reaction kinetics leading to the first Stober silica nanoparticles – NMR and SAXS investigation

Preparation of spherical silica particles by St?ber process with high concentration of tetra-ethyl-orthosilicate

“…Despite many investigations have been done about the mechanism of silica particle formation, growth, size distribution, particle size, and shape [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][31][32][33][34][35], but no general agreement accounted for them was achieved yet. Differences that are found in the literatures are best illustrated by two extremes (monomer addition and controlled aggregation model).…”

“…But a large amount of Q 3 0 and Q 2 0 emerge [33], and they can also react with oligomers. Participation of relatively larger amount of Q 3 0 and Q 2 0 may result in irregular shape and rough surface.…”

Nano SiO2 particle formation and deposition on polypropylene separators for lithium-ion batteries

“…The mechanism of Stöber method with respects to silica particle formation, growth, and particle size, distribution, and shape have been investigated in the past decades [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. However, the mechanisms reported by different researchers are contradictory.…”

Multi-nuclear liquid state NMR investigation of the effects of pH and addition of polyethyleneglycol on the long-term hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane

“…In practice, polar solvents (e.g., water or alcohol) are commonly used in sol-gel process. Meanwhile, the role of polar solvents in hydrolysis reaction or condensation reaction has been well understood [17,18]. It is also established that sol-gel process is sensitively affected by the acidity of the solvent [19].…”

“…The hydrolysis and condensation reactions of the sol-gel process are characterized by 1 H, 13 C and 29 Si multi-nuclear liquid NMR spectroscopy. In most of the previous studies, liquid 29 Si NMR spectroscopy was used to measure the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of the sol-gel process of TEOS [18,20,21]. However, the sensitivity of the NMR spectroscopy of the nucleus with low natural abundance is low (the natural abundances of 1 H, 13 C, and 29 Si are 99.8%, 1.11%, and 13%, respectively.)…”