Sampling and extraction of chemical
residues present on flat or
curved surfaces as well as touch-sensitive objects are challenging.
Hydrogels are characterized by high mechanical flexibility and water
content. Thus, they are an ideal medium for transferring water-soluble
analytes from a sampled surface to the next stage of an analytical
workflow. Here, we demonstrate gel-phase microextraction (GPME), in
which disks of blended hydrogels are utilized to lift traces of water-soluble
substances adsorbed on surfaces. The protocol has been optimized in
a series of tests involving fluorometric and mass spectrometric measurements.
Compared with the pure agarose hydrogel, most of the tested blended
hydrogels provide a higher efficiency for the sampling/extraction
of a model analyte, fluorescein. The blended hydrogel disks are incorporated
into three-dimensional (3D)-printed acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene
chips to create easy-to-use sampling probes. We exemplify the suitability
of this improved GPME approach in sampling chemical residues present
on the skin, glass, and daily use objects. In these tests, the extracts
were analyzed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer fitted with
an electrospray ion source operated in the positive- and negative-ion
modes. The method enabled the detection of diclofenac on excised porcine
skin fragments exposed to a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drug and sweat residues (lactic acid) left on surfaces touched by
humans. The limits of detection for diclofenac and lactic acid in
hydrogel extract were 6.4 × 10–6 and 2.1 ×
10–5 M, respectively. In a model experiment, conducted
using the presented approach, the amount of lactic acid on a glass
slide with fingerprints was estimated to be ∼1.4 × 10–7 mol cm–2.