Chemical Profiling and Biological Activity of Extracts from Nine Norwegian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Abstract

There is an increased interest in identifying beneficial compounds of plant origin that can be added to animal diets to improve animal performance and have a health-promoting effect. In the present study, nine herb species of the Norwegian wild flora or which can be cultivated in Norway were selected for phytogenic evaluation (hops, maral root, mint, oregano, purslane, rosemary, roseroot, sweet wormwood, yarrow). Dried herbs were sequentially extracted with dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol (EtOH) and finally water (H2O) by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The UAE protocol was found to be more rational than conventional Soxhlet with respect to DCM extraction. Total extraction yield was found to be highest for oregano (Origanum vulgare) with 34.4 g 100−1 g dry matter (DM). H2O-extracts gave the highest yields of the three solvents, with up to 25 g 100−1 g DM for purslane (Portulaca oleracea ssp. sativa) and mint (Mentha piperita). EtOH- and H2O-extracts were the most efficient extracts with respect to free radical scavenging capacity (ABTS (=2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and oregano, mint, hops (Humulus lupulus) and maral root-leaves (Leuzea carthamoides) were found to be the most efficient antioxidant sources. Hops (EtOH-extract) contained α- and β-acids, xanthohumols, chlorogenic acid and the hitherto unreported 3-O-glucosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Maral root-leaves contained among other compounds hexosides of the 6-hydroxy- and 6-methoxy-kaempferol and -quercetin, whereas roseroot (Rosea rhodiola) revealed contents of rosavin, rhodiosin and rhodionin. Sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) contained chlorogenic acid and several derivatives thereof, scopoletin and poly-methylated flavones (eupatin, casticin, chrysoplenetin). Antimicrobial potential of different plant extracts was demonstrated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the indicator organisms Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, and the Atlantic salmon bacterial pathogens Moritella viscosa, Tenacibaculum finnmarkense and Aliivibrio wodanis. DCM extracts possessed the highest activities. Data demonstrate the potential ability of herb extracts as natural antimicrobials. However, future safety studies should be performed to elucidate any compromising effect on fish health.

In Vitro and In Silico Anti-Glioblastoma Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Artemisia annua L. and Artemisia vulgaris L.

“…Considering that numerous studies have demonstrated significant differences in the chemical composition and biological effects of Artemisia spp. based on the geographical origin of the plants, the specific plant part used for extraction, and the extraction method itself [ 11 , 29 , 30 ], our findings that chlorogenic acid is a prevalent phenolic compound in A. annua and A. vulgaris are consistent with other data from the same geographical region [ 31 , 32 ].…”

Artemisia arborescens and Artemisia inculta from Crete; Secondary Metabolites, Trace Metals and In Vitro Antioxidant Activities

“…Chlorogenic acid, isorhamnetin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were common in the composition of extracts from both Artemisia species. Slimestad et al [ 46 ] identified chlorogenic acid, the ester of caffeic and quinic acid, in both leaves and stalks of A. annua , while the antimicrobial potency of extracts from wormwood ( A. gmelinii ) against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida spp. was partially attributed to chlorogenic acid, which dominated the ethanolic preparation from the aerial parts of the plant [ 47 ].…”

Highly oxidized flavones in Artemisia species – structure revisions and improved UHPLC-MSn analysis

“…Nevertheless even recently, a number of studies reported on flavonoid composition of A . annua based on HPLC analysis on RP-18 phases only, resulting in incomplete peak assignments, mainly by missing chrysosplenetin ( 1 ) [ 6 ]; [ 7 ]; [ 8 ]; [ 9 ]. As a consequence, in the current study we aimed also at developing an LC-PDA-MS n method for providing a valuable tool for assigning compounds 1 and 2 in extracts prepared from different Artemisia species.…”