Chemical fixation of CO2 to cyclic carbonate catalyzed by new environmental- friendly bifunctional bis-β-cyclodextrin derivatives

Recent developments in organocatalysed transformations of epoxides and carbon dioxide into cyclic carbonates

“…-Cyclodextrin is another inexpensive, stable and readily available oligosaccharide, but is not used as often as other sugars for the chemical fixation of catalysts for cyclic carbonate synthesis. 150 In 2017, Sobral et al developed a chitosan based mesotetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin catalyst 48 ( Figure 19) for cyclic carbonate formation. 151 The conversion of propylene oxide into propylene carbonate doubled (from 31% to 66%) when solid-supported catalyst 48 was used instead of pure Figure 19: Chitosan-supported meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin catalyst 48.…”

“…In 2019, Lei et al were the first to study amino-bridged bis--cyclodextrin (derived from naturally available biomass) as catalysts for cyclic carbonate formation, using the hydroxyl groups of cyclodextrin as hydrogen bond donor sites and potassium iodide as a nucleophilic co-catalyst. 150 By using 0.125-0.14 mol% of the catalyst and 1.25 mol% of co-catalyst, at 20-40 bar of carbon dioxide and 100-120 °C for 2-4 h, eight out of eleven catalysts synthesised achieved >95% conversion of propylene oxide into propylene carbonate via an epoxide activation mechanism (Scheme 1). Five of the catalysts required no co-catalyst.…”

Polyethers as Complexing Agents in Calcium-Catalyzed Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis

“…Among the alkali metal salts, KI is the most commonly employed salt. ,− Pioneering work was performed by Kuran et al, who established KI in combination with crown ether as well as other ligands . Subsequently, various co-catalysts have been reported .…”

Experimental-theoretical study of the epoxide structures effect on the CO2 conversion to cyclic carbonates catalyzed by hybrid titanate nanostructures

“…TON increases with the increase of the reaction time, the equilibrium being attained in 4 h long (TON around 45). The strong rise in TON observed after the third hour might be attributed to the fact that the catalyst becomes more soluble in the medium containing increasingly carbonates, produced as the styrene oxide is converted, thus increasing reaction rate [42]. The decrease of TOF values reported in Fig.…”