Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 aerosols in a megacity of Southeast China

Li, Huiming; Wang, Qin’geng; Yang, Meng; Li, Fengying; Wang, Jinhua; Sun, Yanxin; Wang, Cheng; Wu, Huadong; Qian, Xin

doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.07.005

Cited by 136 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In YRD, the highest seasonal average PM 2.5 concentrations were also observed in winter and the lowest in summer with seasonal variations up to factors of 2.3, 1.9 and 2.0 in Nanjing (Li et al, , 2016aShen et al, 2014;Yang et al, 2005b), Shanghai (Cao et al, 2012bFeng et al, 2009Feng et al, , 2012aHou et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2014a, b;Ming et al, 2017;Pathak et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2006Wang et al, , 2016bYe et al, 2003;Zhao et al, 2015b) and Hangzhou (Cao et al, 2012b;Liu et al, 2015), respectively. In PRD, most urban site PM 2.5 studies were also accompanied with rural site studies (Andreae et al, 2008;Cao et al, 2004Cao et al, , 2012bCui et al, 2015;Duan et al, 2007;Fu et al, 2014;Ho et al, 2006a;Huang et al, 2007Huang et al, , 2014bJahn et al, 2013;Jung et al, 2009;Lai et al, 2007Lai et al, , 2016Liu et al, 2014a;Louie et al, 2005a;Tan et al, 2009Tan et al, , 2016cTao et al, 2009Tao et al, , 2014cTao et al, , 2017Yang et al, 2011b).…”

Section: Seasonal Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regional annual mean PM 2.5 was 115 ± 29, 96 ± 28, 50 ± 16 and 100 ± 35 µg m −3 in BTH (Y. Duan et al, 2006;He et al, 2001Song et al, 2006a;Tian et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2005;Yang et al, 2011a, b;Zhang et al, 2013a;Zhao et al, 2013c;Zhou et al, 2015a;Zíková et al, 2016), YRD (Feng et al, 2009;Li et al, 2015aLi et al, , 2016aLiu et al, 2015;Ming et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2006Wang et al, , 2016bYe et al, 2003;Zhao et al, 2015b), PRD (Hagler et al, 2006;Huang et al, 2013;Louie et al, 2005a;Tao et al, 2014cTao et al, , 2017 and Sichuan Basin (Y. Tao et al, 2013aTao et al, , 2014aWang et al, 2017a;Yang et al, 2011b), respectively, which was 3 to 6 times, 2 to 3 times, 1 to 2 times and 3 to 6 times NAAQS, respectively.…”

Section: Geographical Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2. 5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

et al. 2017

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Abstract. To obtain a thorough knowledge of PM 2.5 chemical composition and its impact on aerosol optical properties across China, existing field studies conducted after the year 2000 are reviewed and summarized in terms of geographical, interannual and seasonal distributions. Annual PM 2.5 was up to 6 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in some megacities in northern China. Annual PM 2.5 was higher in northern than southern cities, and higher in inland than coastal cities. In a few cities with data longer than a decade, PM 2.5 showed a slight decrease only in the second half of the past decade, while carbonaceous aerosols decreased, sulfate (SO 2− 4 ) and ammonium (NH + 4 ) remained at high levels, and nitrate (NO − 3 ) increased. The highest seasonal averages of PM 2.5 and its major chemical components were typically observed in the cold seasons. Annual average contributions of secondary inorganic aerosols to PM 2.5 ranged from 25 to 48 %, and those of carbonaceous aerosols ranged from 23 to 47 %, both with higher contributions in southern regions due to the frequent dust events in northern China. Source apportionment analysis identified secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion and traffic emission as the top three source factors contributing to PM 2.5 mass in most Chinese cities, and the sum of these three source factors explained 44 to 82 % of PM 2.5 mass on annual average across China. Biomass emission in most cities, industrial emission in industrial cities, dust emission in northern cities and ship emission in coastal cities are other major source factors, each of which contributed 7-27 % to PM 2.5 mass in applicable cities.The geographical pattern of scattering coefficient (b sp ) was similar to that of PM 2.5 , and that of aerosol absorption coefficient (b ap ) was determined by elemental carbon (EC) mass concentration and its coating. b sp in ambient condition of relative humidity (RH) = 80 % can be amplified by about 1.8 times that under dry conditions. Secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for about 60 % of aerosol extinction coefficient (b ext ) at RH greater than 70 %. The mass scattering efficiency (MSE) of PM 2.5 ranged from 3.0 to 5.0 m 2 g −1 for aerosols produced from anthropogenic emissions and from 0.7 to 1.0 m 2 g −1 for natural dust aerosols. The mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of EC ranged from 6.5 to 12.4 m 2 g −1 in urban environments, but the MAE of water-soluble organic carbon was only 0.05 to 0.11 m 2 g −1 . Historical emission control policies in China and their effectiveness were discussed based on available chemically resolved PM 2.5 data, which provides the much needed knowledge for guiding future studies and emissions policies.

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Section: Seasonal Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geographical Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2. 5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

et al. 2017

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“…Nitrate and sulfate were formed from chemical conversions of the precursors NO x and SO 2 . These precursor gases could be from vehicle exhausts, coal burning and biomass combustion Li et al, 2016a). It has been reported that 90% of NH 3 was from fossil fuel-based burning emissions during hazy days in urban Beijing (Pan et al, 2016b).…”

Section: Source Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been reported that the contribution of traffic emission to PM 2.5 was 4-7% (Zheng et al, 2005;. Cu and Zn could be from tire abrasion, brake linings, lubricants, and corrosion of vehicular parts and tailpipe emission (Li et al, 2016a;Tan et al, 2016). An earlier study found that Sb was also attributable to traffic emissions, particularly in urban areas (Sternbeck et al, 2002).…”

Section: Source Apportionmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations of Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 during Winter Haze Episodes in Beijing

Tao

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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PM 2.5 samples were collected in Beijing between February 24 and March 12 of 2014, and analyzed to examine chemical compositions and origins of the PM 2.5 at pollution levels of clean (PM 2.5 < 75 µg m -3 ), light-medium (75-150 µg m -3 ), heavy (150-250 µg m -3 ) and severe (> 250 µg m -3 ). The mean PM 2.5 concentration was 137.7 ± 124.8 µg m -3 during the observation period, accounting for 66% of PM 10. As all aerosol species concentrations increased with the pollution level, the contributions of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) to PM 2.5 continuously increased while the contributions of OC and EC decreased, indicating a substantial contribution from secondary formation to the elevation of PM 2.5 pollution. The acidity of PM 2.5 , the ratio of anion microequivalent concentration to cation, increased from 0.96 to 1.08 as pollution levels increased. Using a PMF model, secondary inorganic aerosols, industrial emissions, soil dust, traffic emissions, and coal combustion and biomass burning were identified as contributors to the PM 2.5 , and on average accounted 46%, 20%, 10%, 6% and 18% of the PM 2.5 , respectively, in the observation period. Industrial emissions were the dominant PM 2.5 source during the clean period (60%). Except for traffic emission, sources of PM 2.5 at the light-medium level were consistent, accounting for 17%-29%. Secondary inorganic aerosols were the largest origin of PM 2.5 at heavy and severe pollution levels, accounting for 40% and 78%, respectively. In addition, the 48 h transport distances of air masses decreased from 2000 km (clean) to 300 km (severe level) and the proportion of air masses from south pollution areas in the total air masses at each pollution level increased from 0% to 97%, indicating that the stability of near surface air and the northerly transport of pollutants from the south at local and regional scales played a the key role in the PM 2.5 elevation.

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“…In China, studies on atmospheric pollution have been rapidly developed in recent years. An increasing number of studies have devoted to emission features for both anthropogenic and natural pollution sources (Zhang et al, 2007(Zhang et al, , 2008Zhang et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2014a;Cheng et al, 2015;Huang et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2015;Li et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2016b;Pei et al, 2016;Tian et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2016). For example, Shen et al (2016) discussed chemical species' characteristics of fugitive dust from northern Chinese cities on regional scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

China Source Profile Shared Service (CSPSS): The Chinese PM2.5 Database for Source Profiles

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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China Source Profile Shared Service (CSPSS, www.speciate.org.cn), a new database of emission source profiles for particulate matter (PM), has been developed by researchers from Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES). The first release of CSPSS 1.0 consists of comprehensive data from China that reveals the emission profiles of different sources in selected regions. Related source categories include coal-fired boiler, industrial process, fugitive dust, vehicle exhaust emissions, biomass burning and cooking. Compositing methodology and data quality control were applied to create high quality composite profiles of each source category. Statistical measures of correlation coefficient, t-test and and distribution of weighted differences can be used to compare the similarities and differences among individual and composite profiles. In addition, differences between data of SPECIATE and CSPSS were compared. The chemical composition shows special characteristics in different source categories. For example, SO 4 2-and OC mark coal-fired bolier; Ca and Ca 2+ are the most abundant elements in cement production and construction dust emissions; Cl -, K + and K mark biomass burning; several metals such as V, Zn Sn and Pb could be used as tracers for paved road dust while Sr, Ba and Pb marked industrial emissions. The highest abundances of organic matter are observed in cooking emissions. Toxic species such as Cr and As are enriched in PM 2.5 from coal combustion. Distinguished features of source profiles between SPECIATE and CSPSS indicate that the knowledge of local source profiles are needed for further research. This database should better reflect the emission profiles observed in Chinese environment. Sensitivity tests have been conducted to examine the impact of sub-composite source profiles usually used to establish the composite ones. The result shows that the use of sub-composite source profiles of coal combustion dose not impact the apportionment results for biomass burning, but other sources are varying influenced.

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Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 aerosols in a megacity of Southeast China

Cited by 136 publications

References 58 publications

A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2. 5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2. 5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

Variations of Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 during Winter Haze Episodes in Beijing

China Source Profile Shared Service (CSPSS): The Chinese PM2.5 Database for Source Profiles

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Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 aerosols in a megacity of Southeast China

Cited by 136 publications

References 58 publications

A review of current knowledge concerning PM&lt;sub&gt;2. 5&lt;/sub&gt; chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

A review of current knowledge concerning PM&lt;sub&gt;2. 5&lt;/sub&gt; chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

Variations of Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 during Winter Haze Episodes in Beijing

China Source Profile Shared Service (CSPSS): The Chinese PM2.5 Database for Source Profiles

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A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2. 5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2. 5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China