Chemical and Microbial Characterization of Citrus Oil‐Mill Effluent

Abstract

The aqueous discharge produced by centrifuges in a citrus peel-oil recovery system was chemically and microbially characterized. The discharge contained 3.82 "Brix, 2.60% sugars, 0.28% recoverable oil, and a BOD of 22,600 mg/L. Minerals in ppm included K(604), Na (248), Fe(185), and Ca(105). Citric and malic were the major acids, 0.78 and 0.31 mg/mL, respectively. Concentration ratios of sugars were 3.6:1.7:1 for sucrose:glucose:fructose.Aerobic plate counts were 7.3x 10' colony forming units (cfu) per mL while indogenous yeast and mold counts were 1.8 X lo5 cfu/mL. Four yeasts isolated from the effluent were presumptively identified as members of the genus Saccharomyces.

Recovery of Grapefruit Oil Constituents from Processing Waste Water using Styrene‐divinylbenzene Resins

“…The resins and some of their physical properties are listed in Table 1. Based on the analysis of centrifuge effluent discharge reported by Parish et al (1986), model solutions were prepared containing 1.49% sucrose, 0.70% glucose, 0.41% fructose, 0.072% citric acid, and a measured amount of coldpressed grapefruit oil. The oil was emulsified into the sugar-acid solution by mixing with a Waring Blendor.…”

“…The aqueous effluent from the citrus oil extraction and recovery process can contain high levels of the oils (Parish et al, 1986;Steger, 1979) which exhibit antimicrobial activity (Murdock and Allen, 1960) decreasing the effective disposal of effluents through sewage treatment systems dependent on microbial degradation (Ratcliff, 1977). Current methods of treatment involve distillation of volatiles from waste and ultimate recovery in the form of d-limonene (Rebeck and Cook, 1977).…”

“…Current methods of treatment involve distillation of volatiles from waste and ultimate recovery in the form of d-limonene (Rebeck and Cook, 1977). Additional recovery of coldpressed citrus oils would provide increased industry returns, as well as reducing disposal problems (Parish et al, 1986).…”

Bioassays and biochemical biomarkers for assessing olive mill and citrus processing wastewater toxicity

“…Wastewaters generated from citrus juice production have high organic load (BOD: 20–1400 mg/L; COD: 100–2000 mg/L) and can be toxic due to the high concentration of organics, including terpene‐containing oils and flavanoids (Goodrich and Braddock, 2006). The complex and insoluble carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, high nitrogen, and sodium levels (Koo, 1973; Parish et al, 1986), increase the organic load of CPW and in addition with the limonene levels (90–95% in citrus peel oil; 0.3%–0.8% in wastewater), decrease the effective treatment and disposal of the effluent (Parish et al, 1986). The toxicity of limonene to living organisms has been well documented (Kassir et al, 1989; Tripathi et al, 2003); however, the toxicity of the whole CPW effluent to aquatic organisms has not been previously reported.…”

Οικοτοξικότητα Και Επιδράσεις Αγροτοβιομηχανικών Αποβλήτων Στη Βιοποικιλότητα Ρεόντων Οικοσυστημάτων Σε Διαφορετικά Βιολογικά Επίπεδα Οργάνωσης

“…Το κύριο συστατικό του αιθέριου ελαίου που προέρχεται από τον φλοιό του πορτοκαλιού είναι η λιµονίνη, η οποία βρίσκεται συνήθως σε συγκεντρώσεις περίπου 90-95% (Parish et al, 1986). Η λιµονίνη έχει αντιµικροβιακές ιδιότητες και επηρεάζει τις βιολογικές διαδικασίες επεξεργασίας του αποβλήτου (Parish et al, 1986 Parish et al, 1986;Hawash et al, 1988;Zafiris et al, 2000;Di Mauro et al, 2000;Burton et al, 2007) (Stazner & Higler, 1986;Stazner et al, 1988;Alan, 1995;Jacobsen et al, 1997;Skoulikidis et al, 2009). Έτσι για να αποκτηθεί µια πλήρης εικόνα των επιπτώσεων των υγρών αποβλήτων ελαιουργείων επιλέχθηκαν ορεινοί, ηµιορεινοί και πεδινοί σταθµοί δειγµατοληψίας.…”