Characterizing the literature surrounding transportation of young dairy calves: A scoping review

Goetz, H.M.; Winder, Charlotte B.; Costa, J.H.C.; Creutzinger, K.C.; Uyama, Tamaki; Kelton, D.F.; Dunn, Jennifer; Renaud, D.L.

doi:10.3168/jds.2021-21211

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Thus, this suggests the need for further strengthening the relationship among producers, feed technicians, and herd veterinarians in the U.S. veal production systems. Because of their high susceptibility to bacterial diseases, veal calves often show a variety of health issues (e.g., diarrhoea and pneumonia) and receive frequent AMU shortly upon arrival at growing facilities (Cheng et al, 2022; Goetz et al, 2022; Pempek et al, 2017; Renaud, Overton, et al, 2018). In this study, most veal calf producers reported a high (?)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of antimicrobial use practices on veal farms in the United States

Cheng,

Pempek,

Locke

et al. 2023

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Neonatal veal calves are highly susceptible to bacterial diseases. Occasional sub‐optimal early‐life care and long‐distance transportation result in high disease burden and antimicrobial treatment incidence. Nonetheless, judicious use of antimicrobials is necessary to mitigate the animal and human health impacts of antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to use a clinical vignette‐based survey approach to evaluate the potential for reduced group or individual therapeutic antimicrobial use. The survey included items probing the adherence to veterinary‐written protocols, antimicrobial use (AMU) at the calf‐ and group‐level, and the treatment actions to case vignettes of calf diarrhoea, pneumonia, and navel infection. The survey was mailed to all veal calf producers within two U.S. production companies (n = 32 producers in Company 1; n = 70 producers in Company 2) in February and December 2019, respectively. The overall survey response rate was 36% (21/59). Although 95% of producers reported having veterinary‐written treatment protocols for diarrhoea, pneumonia, and navel infection, veal producers infrequently (<50% of the time) referenced these protocols. Veal producers were primarily trained for disease identification and treatment by observing other personnel “on‐the‐job” (81%). Veal producers reported a high incidence of calf diarrhoea relative to pneumonia and naval infection, a lower percentage (≤40%) of diarrhoea cases being treated individually with antimicrobials. Using clinical vignettes, our results suggest that AMU decisions among veal producers depend on the severity of clinical signs for diarrhoea and pneumonia, while navel infections are often treated with antimicrobials regardless of sign severity. Nearly two‐thirds of veal producers reported treating uncomplicated cases of diarrhoea (watery stool with normal body temperature, activity, and appetite), more than previously reported from dairy producers (37.1%). Findings from this survey suggest that calf producer‐focused training to guide antimicrobial treatment decisions and improve producer adherence to veterinary‐written treatment protocols may have important impacts on judicious antimicrobial use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of antimicrobial use practices on veal farms in the United States

Cheng,

Pempek,

Locke

et al. 2023

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…As reviewed by Goetz et al. (2021), the calves are typically separated from their dams immediately, or within hours, after birth, and provided with colostrum by bottle or tube. The calves will often be kept in individual hutches (or similar) and fed milk or milk replacer twice daily.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Welfare of cattle during transport

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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In the framework of its Farm to Fork Strategy, the Commission is undertaking a comprehensive evaluation of the animal welfare legislation. The present Opinion deals with protection of cattle (including calves) during transport. Welfare of cattle during transport by road is the main focus, but other means of transport are also covered. Current practices related to transport of cattle during the different stages (preparation, loading/unloading, transit and journey breaks) are described. Overall, 11 welfare consequences were identified as being highly relevant for the welfare of cattle during transport based on severity, duration and frequency of occurrence: group stress, handling stress, heat stress, injuries, motion stress, prolonged hunger, prolonged thirst, respiratory disorders, restriction of movement, resting problems and sensory overstimulation. These welfare consequences and their animal-based measures are described. A variety of hazards, mainly relating to inexperienced/untrained handlers, inappropriate handling, structural deficiencies of vehicles and facilities, poor driving conditions, unfavourable microclimatic and environmental conditions, and poor husbandry practices leading to these welfare consequences were identified. The Opinion contains general and specific conclusions relating to the different stages of transport for cattle. Recommendations to prevent hazards and to correct or mitigate welfare consequences have been developed. Recommendations were also developed to define quantitative thresholds for microclimatic conditions within the means of transport and spatial thresholds (minimum space allowance). The development of welfare consequences over time was assessed in relation to maximum journey duration. The Opinion covers specific animal transport scenarios identified by the European Commission relating to transport of unweaned calves, cull cows, the export of cattle by livestock vessels, the export of cattle by road, rollon-roll-off ferries and 'special health status animals', and lists welfare concerns associated with these.

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“…Effects of transport on meat quality are dependent on age [2]. Transport stress is caused by a long transport duration, high environmental temperatures, poor road conditions and nutritional state, and a high stocking density [3][4][5]. Environmental temperature is one of the main causes of stress during transport [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Transport Duration and Pre-Transport Fasting on Blood Biochemistry in Dorper × Mongolian Sheep

Xiao,

Han,

et al. 2024

Animals

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Transport is a high-risk time for sheep, especially if the distances are long and sheep are fasted for a long time beforehand. Two experiments were conducted to compare transport durations of 1 hour (1 h) and 3 hours (3 h) and the effects of feeding before transport using Dorper × Mongolian sheep, which are typical of the region and may be tolerant of the high temperatures in the Inner Mongolian summer. Thirty 4-month-old male sheep were randomly divided into two treatment groups, with 15 sheep/treatment in each experiment, to evaluate the effects on blood biochemical indicators, stress hormone levels, rectal temperatures, and antioxidant status of lambs in summer. In Experiment 1, the levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids after 3 h transport were significantly lower than after 1 h transport (p < 0.05). The levels of thyroxine and malondialdehyde in blood were greater after 3 h transport than 1 h transport (p < 0.05). Creatine kinase levels after 3 h transport tended to be lower than after 1 h transport (p = 0.051). In Experiment 2, the levels of urea and superoxide dismutase in the group fasted pre-transport was significantly lower than those of the group fed pre-transport (p < 0.05). The serum cortisol level in the pre-transport fed group was higher compared to the group fed pre-transport (p = 0.04). Total antioxidant capacity in the pre-transport fasted group tended to be lower compared to that in the pre-transport fed group (p < 0.0001). We conclude that the reduction in nutritional status of sheep transported for longer and without feed pre-transport suggests that transporting sheep in hot conditions in northern China after fasting for a long period should be restricted. However, a decrease in the stress induced by transport following fasting is worthy of further study.

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Characterizing the literature surrounding transportation of young dairy calves: A scoping review

Cited by 16 publications

References 61 publications

A survey of antimicrobial use practices on veal farms in the United States

A survey of antimicrobial use practices on veal farms in the United States

Welfare of cattle during transport

Effects of Transport Duration and Pre-Transport Fasting on Blood Biochemistry in Dorper × Mongolian Sheep

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