Characterization of the size-segregated water-soluble inorganic ions in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration: Spatial/temporal variability, size distribution and sources

Li, Xingru; Wang, Lili; Ji, Dongsheng; Wen, Tao; Pan, Yuepeng; Sun, Yujiao; Wang, Yuesi

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.042

Cited by 116 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The maximum sulfate concentration was 25 µg/m 3 in winter, lower than the maximum ammonium concentration (30 µg/m 3 ). Several publications have shown that SNA generally ranks in the order of sulfate > ammonium > nitrate, for example, in Nanjing [53], in Beijing [54], and over the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration [23]. Therefore, our conclusions that the overestimation of NH 4 + concentrations and underestimation of SO 4 2− concentrations were caused by the overestimation/underestimation of the fractions simulated from GEOS-Chem are further confirmed.…”

Section: Seasonal Variations In Pm 25 Chemical Componentssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…In particular, high SOR values suggest that the photochemical oxidation of precursor gases has led to the formation of large proportions of sulfate [55,56]. Li et al concluded that SOR values in summer and autumn were higher than those in spring and winter over the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration region [23]. In this analysis, however, we found that Beijing exhibited seasonal characteristics, with higher sulfate and ammonium concentrations in summer than in autumn and winter.…”

Section: Seasonal Variations In Pm 25 Chemical Componentscontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…The overall ground PM 2.5 measurements were used to evaluate our model. In addition, the network comprised four air-quality monitoring stations in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration, including three urban sites (Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan) and a background site (Xinglong), which employed two eight-stage samplers (Andersen Series 20-800, Minneapolis, MN, USA) to simultaneously sample particles from September 2009 to August 2010 [23]. Each set of samples was continuously collected for 24 h (Xinglong for 48 h) on a biweekly basis.…”

Section: Ground-based Measurement Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this analysis, four sub-regions were extracted to further validate our method: the North China Plain (NCP, [34][35][36][37][38][39][40] • N, 112-120 • E), the Sichuan Basin (SCB, 27-33 • N, 102-110 • E), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD, [22][23][24][25] • N, 110-117 • E) (indicated by the blue boxes in Figure 1, all of which exhibited distinct regional characteristics because of different natural environments and anthropogenic or other industrial emissions. Compared with the results shown in Figure 3a,b,e,f, linear regression showed that the chemical concentrations estimated in this study were more consistent with ground measurements, with r values of 0.72 and 0.68 for SO 4 2− and NH 4 + , respectively.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Satellite-estimated Chemical Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of Satellite-Based SO42− and NH4+ Composition of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter over China Using Chemical Transport Model

Chen

et al. 2017

Remote Sensing

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Abstract:Epidemiologic and health impact studies have examined the chemical composition of ambient PM 2.5 in China but have been constrained by the paucity of long-term ground measurements. Using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and satellite-derived PM 2.5 data, sulfate and ammonium levels were estimated over China from 2004 to 2014. A comparison of the satellite-estimated dataset with model simulations based on ground measurements obtained from the literature indicated our results are more accurate. Using satellite-derived PM 2.5 data with a spatial resolution of 0.1 × 0.1 • , we further presented finer satellite-estimated sulfate and ammonium concentrations in anthropogenic polluted regions, including the NCP (the North China Plain), the SCB (the Sichuan Basin) and the PRD (the Pearl River Delta). Linear regression results obtained on a national scale yielded an r value of 0.62, NMB of −35.9%, NME of 48.2%, ARB_50% of 53.68% for sulfate and an r value of 0.63, slope of 0.67, and intercept of 5.14 for ammonium. In typical regions, the satellite-derived dataset was significantly robust. Based on the satellite-derived dataset, the spatial-temporal variation of 11-year annual average satellite-derived SO −0.61%; NH 4 + : −0.21%), large values were mainly concentrated in the NCP and SCB. For regions captured at a finer resolution, the inter-annual variation trends presented a positive trend over the periods 2004-2007 and 2008-2011, followed by a negative trend over the period 2012-2014, and sulfate concentrations varied appreciably. Moreover, the seasonal distributions of the 11-year satellite-derived dataset over China were presented. The distribution of both sulfate and ammonium concentrations exhibited seasonal characteristics, with the seasonal concentrations ranking as follows: winter > summer > autumn > spring. High concentrations of these species were concentrated in the NCP and SCB, originating from coal-fired power plants and agricultural activities, respectively. Efforts to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions have yielded remarkable results since the government has adopted stricter control measures in recent years. Moreover, ammonia emissions should be controlled while reducing the concentration of sulfur, nitrogen and particulate matter. This study provides an assessment of the population's exposure to certain chemical components.

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Section: Seasonal Variations In Pm 25 Chemical Componentssupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Seasonal Variations In Pm 25 Chemical Componentscontrasting

confidence: 53%

Section: Ground-based Measurement Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evaluation Of Satellite-estimated Chemical Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of Satellite-Based SO42− and NH4+ Composition of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter over China Using Chemical Transport Model

Chen

et al. 2017

Remote Sensing

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“…Previous studies about sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in aerosols mainly focused on their concentrations, size distributions, source identifications and formation mechanisms (Kai et al, 2007;Li et al, 2013;Sun et al, 2006;Xue et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2013). However, there are sparse data about the speciation of ammonium salts, such as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 and NH 4 Cl.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speciation of the major inorganic salts in atmospheric aerosols of Beijing, China: Measurements and comparison with model

Tang

Zhang

et al. 2016

Atmospheric Environment

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h i g h l i g h t sNH 4 NO 3 , NH 4 Cl and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 were measured in Beijing atmosphere. Sulfate, nitrate and chloride associated with crustal ions were important. ISORROPIA II was used to investigate the gas-aerosol equilibrium characteristics. Crustal species should be carefully considered to improve model prediction. In the winter and summer of 2013e2014, we used a sampling system, which consists of annular denuder, back-up filter and thermal desorption set-up, to measure the speciation of major inorganic salts in aerosols and the associated trace gases in Beijing. This sampling system can separate volatile ammonium salts (NH 4 NO 3 and NH 4 Cl) from non-volatile ammonium salts ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ), as well as the non-volatile nitrate and chloride. The measurement data was used as input of a thermodynamic equilibrium model (ISORROPIA II) to investigate the gaseaerosol equilibrium characteristics. Results show that (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 and NH 4 Cl were the major inorganic salts in aerosols and mainly existed in the fine particles. The sulfate, nitrate and chloride associated with crustal ions were also important in Beijing where mineral dust concentrations were high. About 19% of sulfate in winter and 11% of sulfate in summer were associated with crustal ions and originated from heterogeneous reactions or direct emissions. The nonvolatile nitrate contributed about 33% and 15% of nitrate in winter and summer, respectively. Theoretical thermodynamic equilibrium calculations for NH 4 NO 3 and NH 4 Cl suggest that the gaseous precursors were sufficient to form stable volatile ammonium salts in winter, whereas the internal mixing with sulfate and crustal species were important for the formation of volatile ammonium salts in summer. The results of the thermodynamic equilibrium model reasonably agreed with the measurements of aerosols and gases, but large discrepancy existed in predicting the speciation of inorganic ammonium salts. This indicates that the assumption on crustal species in the model was important for obtaining better understanding on gaseaerosol partitioning and improving the model prediction. a r t i c l e i n f o

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Pathways of sulfate enhancement by natural and anthropogenic mineral aerosols in China

et al. 2014

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China, the world's largest consumer of coal, emits approximately 30 million tons of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) per year. SO 2 is subsequently oxidized to sulfate in the atmosphere. However, large gaps exist between model-predicted and measured sulfate levels in China. Long-term field observations and numerical simulations were integrated to investigate the effect of mineral aerosols on sulfate formation. We found that mineral aerosols contributed a nationwide average of approximately 22% to sulfate production in 2006. The increased sulfate concentration was approximately 2 μg m À3 in the entire China. In East China and the Sichuan Basin, the increments reached 6.3 μg m À3 and 7.3 μg m À3, respectively. Mineral aerosols led to faster SO 2 oxidation through three pathways. First, more SO 2 was dissolved as cloud water alkalinity increased due to water-soluble mineral cations. Sulfate production was then enhanced through the aqueous-phase oxidation of S(IV) (dissolved sulfur in oxidation state +4). The contribution to the national sulfate production was 5%. Second, sulfate was enhanced through S(IV) catalyzed oxidation by transition metals. The contribution to the annual sulfate production was 8%, with 19% during the winter that decreased to 2% during the summer. Third, SO 2 reacts on the surface of mineral aerosols to produce sulfate. The contribution to the national average sulfate concentration was 9% with 16% during the winter and a negligible effect during the summer. The inclusion of mineral aerosols does resolve model discrepancies with sulfate observations in China, especially during the winter. These three pathways, which are not fully considered in most current chemistry-climate models, will significantly impact assessments regarding the effects of aerosol on climate change in China.

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Characterization of the size-segregated water-soluble inorganic ions in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration: Spatial/temporal variability, size distribution and sources

Cited by 116 publications

References 50 publications

Estimation of Satellite-Based SO42− and NH4+ Composition of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter over China Using Chemical Transport Model

Estimation of Satellite-Based SO42− and NH4+ Composition of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter over China Using Chemical Transport Model

Speciation of the major inorganic salts in atmospheric aerosols of Beijing, China: Measurements and comparison with model

Pathways of sulfate enhancement by natural and anthropogenic mineral aerosols in China

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