Characterization of the contamination of marijuana with paraquat

Liddle, John; Ll, Needham; Rollen, Z. Joyce; Roark, B. R.; Bayse, D D

doi:10.1007/bf01608074

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Although we did not determine pesticide concentrations as such, the present study shows that pesticides are extensively used in illicit indoor cannabis plantations. Earlier research mainly focused on paraquat residues in confiscated cannabis samples [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Research on pesticide prevalence and use in liquids and on material other than plants in indoor cannabis plantations is scarce.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They comprise the fungicides promocarb, tebuconazole, propiconazole and tolylfluanid, the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, bifenthrin and hexythiazox. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, paraquat residues were found on confiscated cannabis samples [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Recently paraquat, together with other herbicides such as glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid were detected on illicit cannabis samples from unknown origin in Brazil [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of pesticides in Belgian illicit indoor cannabis plantations

Cuypers

Vanhove

Gotink

et al. 2017

Forensic Science International

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of pesticides in Belgian illicit indoor cannabis plantations

Cuypers

Vanhove

Gotink

et al. 2017

Forensic Science International

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“…The use of whole plant C. sativa extracts obtained from dispensaries as "medicine" is beset by issues of psychoactive adverse effects (due to the presence of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THC), lack of consistency and standardization, contamination (microbial, pesticide), and inadequate evidence of efficacy [19][20][21][22][23][24]. All of these place patients at risk and limit the potential utility of Cannabis-derived compounds as therapeutics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myrcene and terpene regulation of TRPV1

et al. 2019

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Nociceptive Transient Receptor Potential channels such as TRPV1 are targets for treating pain. Both antagonism and agonism of TRP channels can promote analgesia, through inactivation and chronic desensitization. Since plant-derived mixtures of cannabinoids and the Cannabis component myrcene have been suggested as pain therapeutics, we screened terpenes found in Cannabis for activity at TRPV1. We used inducible expression of TRPV1 to examine TRPV1-dependency of terpene-induced calcium flux responses. Terpenes contribute differentially to calcium fluxes via TRPV1 induced by Cannabis-mimetic cannabinoid/terpenoid mixtures. Myrcene dominates the TRPV1-mediated calcium responses seen with terpenoid mixtures. Myrcene-induced calcium influx is inhibited by the TRPV1 inhibitor capsazepine and Myrcene elicits TRPV1 currents in the wholecell patch-clamp configuration. TRPV1 currents are highly sensitive to internal calcium. When Myrcene currents are evoked, they are distinct from capsaicin responses on the basis of I max and their lack of shift to a pore-dilated state. Myrcene pre-application and residency at TRPV1 appears to negatively impact subsequent responses to TRPV1 ligands such as Cannabidiol, indicating allosteric modulation and possible competition by Myrcene. Molecular docking studies suggest a non-covalent interaction site for Myrcene in TRPV1 and identifies key residues that form partially overlapping Myrcene and Cannabidiol binding sites. We identify several non-Cannabis plantderived sources of Myrcene and other compounds targeting nociceptive TRPs using a data mining approach focused on analgesics suggested by non-Western Traditional Medical Systems. These data establish TRPV1 as a target of Myrcene and suggest the therapeutic potential of analgesic formulations containing Myrcene.

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“…Four of the participants were habitual smokers but stated they only smoked a specific brand of cigarettes because that brand is supposed to be organic and does not contain additives. When discussing the safety of commercially grown marijuana, all participants cited the U.S. government's use of Paraquat in the 1970s as a pesticide that was sprayed on Mexican fields to eradicate marijuana plants (Liddle et al 1980). Interestingly, even individuals who were clearly too young to remember this campaign knew of its existence and some believed it may still be going on.…”

Section: Health-conscious Herbalistsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Growin' Grass: Paradise by the Sodium Light

Wiecko

Thompson

2013

Deviant Behavior

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This qualitative study describes members of a little-known and little-researched subculture: small-time marijuana cultivators in the United States. Couched within a symbolic interaction theoretical framework, extensive ethnographic interviews were conducted with eighteen marijuana growers who cultivate cannabis plants in their homes for small sales and personal use. This study creates a typology of growers based on motivation for growing and techniques of cultivation. The authors also illustrate how marijuana growers in this study used various techniques outlined by Sykes and Matza (1957) to neutralize their involvement in a deviant and illegal activity.

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Characterization of the contamination of marijuana with paraquat

Cited by 12 publications

References 5 publications

The use of pesticides in Belgian illicit indoor cannabis plantations

The use of pesticides in Belgian illicit indoor cannabis plantations

Myrcene and terpene regulation of TRPV1

Growin' Grass: Paradise by the Sodium Light

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