Characterization of Spiroplasma citri adhesion related protein SARP1, which contains a domain of a novel family designated sarpin

Berg, Michael; Melcher, Ulrich; Fletcher, Jacqueline

doi:10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00655-2

Cited by 53 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The ORF9 putative protein, designated SkARP1, is a new member of the sarpin family of proteins described by Berg et al (2001) and may function similarly as an adhesin of S. kunkelii. A putative signal peptide of 23 amino acids is present at the N-terminus of the preprotein.…”

Section: Spiroplasma Adhesin Gene Pathogenicity Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This contrasted with the mature SARP1 (here termed ScARP1) protein (GenBank Accession No. AJ297706) of S. citri, with a mass of 86 kDa (Berg et al, 2001). The SkARP1 signal peptide was the same in size and similar in amino acid sequence to that found in the ScARP1 preprotein.…”

Section: Spiroplasma Adhesin Gene Pathogenicity Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that ScARP1 is involved in the attachment of S. citri cells to gut cells of the insect vector, Circulifer tenellus, during early stages of infection in this host (Berg et al, 2001), and therefore it is quite likely that the S. kunkelii SkARP1 ortholog similarly is involved in attachment of S. kunkelii cells to gut tissue during infection of its insect vectors, which include Dalbulus spp. We postulate that amino acid sequence variations and differences in isoelectric points may reflect dif- ferences in the ligand attachment sites of ScARP1 and SkARP1 in their respective insect hosts.…”

Section: Spiroplasma Adhesin Gene Pathogenicity Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptic plasmid pSKU146 from the wall-less plant pathogen Spiroplasma kunkelii encodes an adhesin and components of a type IV translocation-related conjugation system

Davis¹,

Dally²,

Jomantienė³

et al. 2005

Plasmid

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"Cryptic plasmid pSKU146 from the wall-less plant pathogen Spiroplasma kunkelii encodes an adhesin and components of a type IV translocationrelated conjugation system" (2005 AbstractA cryptic plasmid of the wall-less plant pathogenic mollicute, Spiroplasma kunkelii CR2-3X, was cloned and its sequence analyzed. The 14,615 bp plasmid, designated pSKU146, has a nucleotide content of 28 mol% G + C, and contains 18 potential protein-coding regions (open reading frames, ORFs), of which six encode proteins that exhibit similarity to virulence-associated proteins involved in cell-to-cell adhesion or conjugal DNA transfer. One ORF encodes a 96 kDa protein, SkARP1, that is highly similar to SARP1 adhesin involved in attachment of Spiroplasma citri to insect vector gut membrane. Five ORFs encode proteins similar to TraE and Mob in walled bacteria, and to ORFs found in the integrative, conjugative element (ICEF) of Mycoplasma fermentans, respectively. Presence of domains similar to proteins of the Type IV secretion system in pathogenic bacteria suggests that spiroplasma possesses a related translocation system. Plasmid pSKU146 also contains two identical oriT regions each containing a nick sequence characteristic of the IncP conjugative plasmid family, as well as a 58 bp palindromic sequence, palSK1. Features in pSKU146 suggest that the plasmid functions as a mobile genetic element in conjugative transmission of spiroplasma pathogenicity-related genes. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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Section: Spiroplasma Adhesin Gene Pathogenicity Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spiroplasma Adhesin Gene Pathogenicity Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spiroplasma Adhesin Gene Pathogenicity Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cryptic plasmid pSKU146 from the wall-less plant pathogen Spiroplasma kunkelii encodes an adhesin and components of a type IV translocation-related conjugation system

Davis¹,

Dally²,

Jomantienė³

et al. 2005

Plasmid

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“…Whether plasmids are required for S. citri survival in nature is unknown. Nevertheless, plasmidencoded determinants have been tentatively associated with insect transmission (Berg et al, 2001;Berho et al, 2006a;Killiny et al, 2006). In S. citri GII3,~10 copies of each plasmid co-exist within the same cell.…”

Section: Expanding the Genetic Toolbox Of Spiroplasmasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surprisingly, most of the plasmid CDS have no orthologues in other bacterial genera, with the exceptions of soj, trsE, traG and mob, the naming of which indicates that they encode proteins closely related to proteins involved in partitioning (Soj/ ParA family COG1192) and transfer (TrsE, TraG and Mob) of DNA molecules. The scarp genes of pSci1-5 encode proteins sharing strong similarities with the adhesin-like protein SARP1 from S. citri BR3 (Berg et al, 2001). Plasmid pSci2 (14.4 kbp) seems to represent the 'core plasmid' as it displays a gene organization (pE, pF, pA, soj, pB, scarp, pC, pD, trsE, p4, mob) which is conserved in pSci1 (13 kbp) and larger plasmids pSci3 (19.3 kbp) and pSci4 (20.2 kbp) (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the replication and stability regions of Spiroplasma citri plasmids identifies a novel replication protein and expands the genetic toolbox for plant-pathogenic spiroplasmas

et al. 2008

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Spiroplasma citri strain GII3 contains seven plasmids, pSciA and pSci1-6, that share extensive regions of sequence homology and display a mosaic gene organization. Plasmid pSci2 comprises 12 coding sequences (CDS), three of which encode polypeptides homologous to proteins Soj/ ParA, involved in chromosome partitioning, and TrsE and Mob/TraG, implicated in the type IV secretion pathway. One CDS encodes the adhesin-like protein ScARP3d whereas the other eight encode polypeptides with no homology to known proteins. The pSci2 CDS pE and soj have counterparts in all seven plasmids. Through successive deletions, various pSci2 derivatives were constructed and assessed for their ability to replicate by transformation of S. citri 44, a strain which has no plasmid. The smallest functional replicon was found to contain a single CDS (pE) and its flanking intergenic regions. Shuttle (S. citri/Escherichia coli) plasmids, in which CDS pE was disrupted, failed to replicate in S. citri, suggesting that PE is the replication protein of the S. citri plasmids. Successive propagations of pSci2-derived transformed spiroplasmas, in the absence of selection pressure, revealed that only pSci2 derivatives having an intact soj gene were stably maintained, indicating that the soj-encoded polypeptide is most likely involved in plasmid partitioning. Upon transformation, pSci2 derivatives, including shuttle (S. citri/E. coli) plasmids, were shown to replicate in all S. citri strains tested regardless of whether the strain possesses endogenous plasmids, such as strain GII3, or not, such as strain R8A2. In addition, the pSci replicons were introduced efficiently into the plant-pathogenic spiroplasmas Spiroplasma kunkelii and Spiroplasma phoeniceum, the transformation of which had never, to our knowledge, been described before. These studies show that, besides their implications for the biology of S. citri, the pSci plasmids hold considerable promise as vectors of general use for genetic studies of plantpathogenic spiroplasmas. As an example, a HA-tagged S. citri protein was expressed in S. kunkelii. Detection of pE-hybridizing sequences in various group I spiroplasma species indicated that pE replicating plasmids were not restricted to the three plant-pathogenic spiroplasmas. INTRODUCTIONSpiroplasmas are a group of helical, cell-wall-free bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes. Three spiroplasma species, Spiroplasma citri (Saglio et al., 1973), Spiroplasma kunkelii (Whitcomb et al., 1986) and Spiroplasma phoeniceum (Saillard et al., 1987), have been associated with plant diseases. S. citri is the aetiological agent of the citrus stubborn and horseradish brittle root diseases and was the first plant mollicute to be cultured in vitro (Fletcher et al., 1981;Saglio et al., 1971). Since then, S. citri has been studied extensively (Bové et al., 1989(Bové et al., , 2003. The availability of both an experimental transmission assay via the leafhopper vector (Foissac et al., 1996) and gene transfer systems (Foissac et al., 1997;Renaudin, 2002;Renaudi...

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Spiroplasma

Williamson¹,

Gasparich²,

Regassa³

et al. 2015

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Spi.ro.plas'ma. Gr. n. speira (L. transliteration spira ) a coil, spiral; Gr. neut. n. plasma something formed or molded, a form; N.L. neut. n. Spiroplasma spiral form. Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Entomoplasmatales / Spiroplasmataceae / Spiroplasma Cells are pleomorphic, varying in size and shape from helical and branched nonhelical filaments to spherical or ovoid. The helical forms, usually 100–200 nm in diameter and 3–5 µm in length, generally occur during the exponential phase of growth and in some species persist during stationary phase. The cells of some species are short (1–2 µm). In certain cases, helical cells may be very tightly coiled, or the coils may show continuous variation in amplitude. Spherical cells ~300 nm in diameter and nonhelical filaments are frequently seen in the stationary phase, where they may not be viable, and in all growth phases in suboptimal growth media, where they may or may not be viable. In some species during certain phases, spherical forms may be the replicating form. Helical filaments are motile, with flexional and twitching movements, and often show an apparent rotatory motility. Fibrils are associated with the membrane, but flagellae, periplasmic fibrils, or other organelles of locomotion are absent . Fimbriae and pili observed on the cell surface of insect‐ and plant‐pathogenic spiroplasmas are believed to be involved in host‐cell attachment and conjugation (Ammar et al., 2004; Özbek et al., 2003), but not in locomotion. Cells divide by binary fission, with doubling times of 0.7–37 h. Facultatively anaerobic. The temperature growth range varies among species, from 5 to 41°C. Colonies on solid media are frequently diffuse , with irregular shapes and borders, a condition that reflects the motility of the cells during active growth (Figure 111). Colony type is strongly dependent on the agar concentration. Colony sizes vary from 0.1 to 4.0 mm in diameter. Colonies formed by nonmotile variants or mutants, or by cultures growing on inadequate media are typically umbonate with diameters of 200 µm or less. Some species, such as Spiroplasma platyhelix , have barely visible helicity along most of their length and display little rotatory or flexing motility. Colonies of motile, fast‐growing spiroplasmas are diffuse, often with satellite colonies developing from foci adjacent to the initial site of colony development. Light turbidity may be produced in liquid cultures. Chemo‐organotrophic. Acid is produced from glucose. Hydrolysis of arginine is variable. Urea, arbutin, and esculin are not hydrolyzed. Sterol requirements are variable. An optimum osmolality, usually in the range of 300–800 mOsm, has been demonstrated for some spiroplasmas. Media containing mycoplasma broth base, serum, and other supplements are required for primary growth, but after adaptation, growth often occurs in less complex media. Defined or semi‐defined media are available for some species. Resistant to 10,000 U/ml penicillin. Insensitive to rifampicin, sensitive to erythromycin and tetracycline. Isolated from the surfaces of flowers and other plant parts, from the guts and hemolymph of various insects and crustaceans, and from tick triturates. Also isolated from vascular plant fluids ( phloem sap ) and insects that feed on the fluids . Specific host associations are common. The type species, Spiroplasma citri , is pathogenic for citrus (e.g., orange and grapefruit), producing “stubborn” disease. Experimental or natural infections also occur in horseradish, periwinkle, radish, broad bean, carrot, and other plant species. Spiroplasma kunkelii is a maize pathogen. Some species are pathogenic for insects. Certain species are pathogenic, under experimental conditions, for a variety of suckling rodents (rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits) and/or chicken embryos. Genome sizes vary from 780 to 2220 kbp (PFGE). DNA G + C content ( mol %): 24–31 ( T m , Bd). Type species : Spiroplasma citri Saglio, L'Hospital, Laflèche, Dupont, Bové, Tully and Freundt 1973, 202 AL .

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Characterization of Spiroplasma citri adhesion related protein SARP1, which contains a domain of a novel family designated sarpin

Cited by 53 publications

References 25 publications

Cryptic plasmid pSKU146 from the wall-less plant pathogen Spiroplasma kunkelii encodes an adhesin and components of a type IV translocation-related conjugation system

Cryptic plasmid pSKU146 from the wall-less plant pathogen Spiroplasma kunkelii encodes an adhesin and components of a type IV translocation-related conjugation system

Characterizing the replication and stability regions of Spiroplasma citri plasmids identifies a novel replication protein and expands the genetic toolbox for plant-pathogenic spiroplasmas

Spiroplasma

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