Characterization of spinal cord lesions in cattle and horses with rabies

Bassuíno, Daniele Mariath; Konradt, Guilherme; Cruz, Raquel Aparecida Sales da; Silva, Gustavo S.; Gomes, Danilo Carloto; Pavarini, Saulo Petinatti; Driemeier, David

doi:10.1177/1040638716647992

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It is still debatable if different pathogens (viruses vs. parasites) induce different glial reaction patterns. However, we confirmed in our study the predominance of microglial nodule formation by viral infections in horses (in 5/7 cases) (4,59,61,62). For the other two cases (horses 1 and 9), a protozoal infection was detected, and the nodule formation could indicate the persistence of neurophagic sites (63).…”

Section: Immunohistochemical Demonstration Of Equine Microglia Cellssupporting

confidence: 85%

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ionized Calcium-Binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunostaining Score for the Central Nervous System of Horses With Non-suppurative Encephalitis and Encephalopathies

et al. 2021

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Like humans, horses are susceptible to neurotropic and neuroinvasive pathogens that are not always readily identified in histological sections. Instead, alterations in astrocytes and microglia cells can be used as pathological hallmarks of injured nervous tissue in a variety of infectious and degenerative diseases. On the other hand, equine glial cell alterations are poorly characterized in diseases. Therefore, in this study, we provide a statistically proved score system to classify astrogliosis and microgliosis in the central nervous system (CNS) of horses, based on morphological and quantitative analyses of 35 equine cases of encephalitis and/or encephalopathies and four non-altered CNS as controls. For this system, we used glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) immunohistochemistry, allied to statistical analysis to confirm that the scores were correctly designated. The scores of alterations ranged from 0 (non-altered) to 3 (severely altered) and provided a helpful method for describing astrocytic and microglial alterations in horses suffering from inflammatory and degenerative lesions. This system could be a template for comparative studies in other animal species and could aid algorithms designed for artificial intelligence methods lacking a defined morphological pattern.

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Section: Immunohistochemical Demonstration Of Equine Microglia Cellssupporting

confidence: 85%

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ionized Calcium-Binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunostaining Score for the Central Nervous System of Horses With Non-suppurative Encephalitis and Encephalopathies

et al. 2021

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“…This finding indicates that a more careful analysis of other areas of the nervous system should be made when there is no NBs found in the cerebellum, cortex, or hippocampus. A higher frequency of NBs were demonstrated in portions of the spinal cord of horses when compared to other regions (Bassuino et al 2016) concluding that the analysis of this portion of the CNS will increase the chances of establishing a rabies diagnosis.…”

Section: G1mentioning

confidence: 91%

Cattle rabies: the effect of clinical evolution, viral genetic lineage, and viral load on the severity of histological lesions

Wisser

Neto

Batista³

et al. 2020

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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ABSTRACT: Our objective was the characterization and staging of histological lesions in different anatomical sites of the central nervous system (CNS) of rabid cattle. The severity of the lesions was compared with the clinical stages of the disease, the variants of viral isolates, and with the load of virus. Thirty-one spontaneously affected rabid cattle the state of Santa Catarina underwent clinical follow-up and were eventually necropsied. CNS tissues were sampled and submitted to direct fluorescent antibody technique (DFAT), immunohistochemistry (IHC), routine histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin stain (HE), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and polymerase chain reaction in quantitative reverse transcriptase in real time (qRT-PCR). Affected cattle were allotted in four groups according to their clinical stage when euthanized: G1, euthanized while standing; G2, euthanized when in sternal recumbence; G3, euthanized when in lateral recumbence; and G4, affected cattle with natural death. In order to evaluate the degree of severity of the lesions and the presence of Negri bodies (NBs), the brain was sectioned at 9 sites. Additionally, spinal cord and trigeminal ganglion sections were examined. The intensity of the lesions was graded as either absent, mild, moderate, or marked, and the presence or absence of the NBs was noted. Histological lesions were characterized by lymphocytic and monocytic meningoencephalitis with NBs in 28 cases. In all analyzed groups, intensities of histological lesions ranging from mild to severe were observed. Brain regions with the highest inflammatory lesion intensity were the medulla at the level of obex, followed by the colliculus and thalamus. NBs were observed in a higher percentage in the cerebellum, followed by medulla at the obex level, striatum complex, and frontal telencephalon. The duration of the clinical course of the disease did not influence the intensity of the inflammatory lesion, but it did influence the presence of NBs, with a higher percentage of these inclusions in cattle that died naturally than in euthanized cattle. All isolated rhabdovirus included in this study were genetically compatible with samples from hematophagous bats Desmodus rotundus. The evaluation by qRT-PCR did not demonstrate a correlation between lesion intensity and the amount of virus.

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“…Lesions caused by T. evansi in horses are characterised by a nonsuppurative encephalitis and oedema , which were not observed in the horses of the current study. All horses were negative for RABV infection, and, histologically, there were neither encephalitis nor Negri bodies in neuronal cytoplasm, which are hallmark lesions of Rabies .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%