Characterization of Qualitative and Quantitative Haemogram Parameters in Insects: Current Concepts and Future Prospects.

Abstract

physiological functions, as previously mentioned. 2.1. Variation in Number and Types of Circulating Hemocytes: It is interesting to give some historical information about the hemocyte classification and characterization. Hollande (1911) firstly attempted to classify and categorize the insect hemocytes after the earlier research works, particularly those of Cuenot (1897) and Kollmann (1908). Then, Wigglesworth (1939) followed each of Hollande's categories. Yeager (1945) identified ten hemocyte classes containing 32 different types in the Southern armyworm Prodenia eridania. Some years later, Jones (1962) reduced this number to nine distinct cell types, and his generalizing work earned a special place in the history of hemocytes, since his classification was the basis used by most researchers thereafter. The same author described eight hemocyte types in insects: PRs, PLs, GRs, Cystocytes (CCs), OEs, ADs, Podocytes (POs), and Vermiform cells (VRs). With this classification, this author established a system to give an order to more than 70 names for hemocyte types used by earlier investigators. Later, Price and Ratcliffe (1974) examined the hemocytes of 15 representative insect orders and distinguished six different types distributed in those orders: PRs, PLs, GRs, spherulocytes (SPs), CCs and OEs; however, CCs were absent in Lepidoptera. Using phase contrast microscopy, Sharma and Dutta (1979) recorded the presence of ten categories of hemocytes: PRs, PLs, GRs, CCs, COs, SPs, ADs, OEs, POs and VRs in the grasshoppers Chrotogonus trachypterus and Acrida exaltata. Although, Gupta (1979) recognized seven main types of haemocytes in various insect orders, namely PRs, PLs, GRs, SPs, ADs, OEs and Coagulocytes (CGs), while Gupta (1994) merged the category CGs with that of GRs. Although Brehelin and Zachary (1986) proposed a new system with nine hemocyte types, the classified categories of haemocytes ranged, generally, from four to seven (Gupta, 1979) or between three and nine (Wigglesworth, 1959; Arnold, 1972, 1974). However, some authors described three to eight hemocyte types in several insect orders by means of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM)(Ratcliffe and Rowley, 1979; Al-Khalifa and Siddiqui, 1985). As reported in the available literature, the main types of hemocytes are PRs, GRs, PLs, SPs and OEs. These hemocyte types have been described in insect species of diverse orders,

Disturbing Effects of Botanicals on the Haemogram and Immune Parameters of Insects: Recent Progress of The Search for Effective Biopesticides

“…Haemogram parameters include, also, haemolymph (blood) volume, mitotic index and cytological features of hemocytes. In his comprehensive article, Ghoneim (2019) discussed different factors affecting the THC in insects, such as the developmental stage, sex, age, circadian rhythm, reproductive status, temperature, moisture, habitat topography, nutrition, behavioral pattern and the measuring technique. In the following sections, THC fluctuations in different insects have been discussed in relation to the insect responses to many plant products.…”

“…Characterization of total haemogram in insects includes, also, the determination of blood volume (BV) or haemolymph volume (HV) because the population of circulating hemocytes depends upon BV or is affected by it (Chapman, 1982;Bardoloi et al, 2016;Khosravi et al, 2016). In other words, BV determination is necessary in many cases for the accurate evaluation of THC (for some detail, see Ghoneim, 2019). As far as our literature survey could ascertain, no information was available about the effects of botanicals on BV in insects, except that study of John and Ananthakrishnan (1995).…”

“…Mitotic index (MI) is a measure for the proliferation status of a hemocyte population and can be defined as the ratio between the numbers of cells undergoing mitosis to the THC in a population'. The MI is used as a criterion of response to various treatments involving factors that may affect this activity (for detail, see Ghoneim, 2019).…”

“…Proper functioning of the heart is one of the prerequisite physiological processes for the insects (Feliciano et al, 2011) since a slight alteration in the heart functioning may interrupt the homeostasis and cause severe hazards in the insect physiology (Piazza and Wessells, 2011). Heartbeat rate (the number of beats per minute) was found to depend on different factors (for some detail, see Ghoneim, 2019). Depending on the currently available literature, studies of the effects of natural products on insect heart activity are scarce.…”

Disruptive Effects of Certain Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors on Some Haemogram Parameters in the Egyptian Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…However, these diverse results might be attributed to the insect species itself or its developmental stage and some technical difficulties for identification as well as the characters adopted by other researchers (George and Ambrose, 2004;Ribeiro and Brehelin, 2006). In addition, hemocyte morphology and thus the type identification have been affected by some factors influencing the haemolymph physical properties or biochemical composition (Carrel et al, 1990), the physiological condition of the insect (Chapman, 1998) and the insect developmental stages (For a recent review, see Ghoneim, 2019). Therefore, classification of the circulating hemocytes in an insect has been recommended to be revised several times (Dean et al, 2004;Ribeiro and Brehelin, 2006;Wood and Jacinto, 2007;Qamar and Jamal, 2009;Siddiqui and Al-Khalifa, 2012a, b).…”