Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Fish (<i>pla-paeng-daeng</i>) and Their Cholesterol-lowering and Immunomodulatory Effects

Abstract

The cholesterol-lowering and immunomodulatory effects and probiotic properties of 25 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented fish (pla-paeng-daeng) in Thailand were examined in the present study. Based on their phenotypic and genetic characteristics, LAB were identified as Lactiplantibacillus pentosus (Group I, 6 isolates), Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis (Group II, 1 isolate), Limosilactobacillus fermentum (Group III, 2 isolates), Companilactobacillus pabuli (Group IV, 4 isolates), Companilactobacillus farciminis (Group V, 5 isolates), Companilactobacillus futsaii (Group VI, 6 isolates), and Enterococcus lactis (Group VII, 1 isolate). Lactiplantibacillus pentosus PD3-1 and PD9-2 and Enterococcus lactis PD3-2 exhibited bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activities. The percentage of cholesterol assimilated by all isolates ranged between 21.40 and 54.07%. Bile salt hydrolase-producing isolates tolerated acidic and bile conditions and possessed adhesion properties. They also exerted immunomodulatory effects that affected the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2), and nitric oxide (NO). These isolates meet standard probiotic requirements and exert beneficial effects.

Potential Use of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BCC 4352 as a Functional Starter Culture for Fermenting Thai Pork Sausage (Nham)

“…In comparison, LpbNCIMB8826 demon-strated a higher cholesterol assimilation of 55.85 ± 7.80%, leading to the removal of 12.20 ± 1.21 µg/mL of cholesterol compared to the control medium without bacterial inoculation (Table 3). Our findings align with earlier studies [49,85,86], which documented the capability of lactobacilli to assimilate cholesterol from the fermentation medium. Lactobacilli are believed to remove cholesterol by integrating it into their cellular membrane, as suggested by various studies [49,85,[87][88][89][90].…”

Screening of an efficient cholesterol-lowering strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 54–1 and investigation of its degradation molecular mechanism

“…The supernatant was extracted and the cholesterol-lowering ability of each LAB was determined using the Total Cholesterol Content Kit. The strain identification of the screened LAB with the highest cholesterol-lowering ability was performed based on Gram staining, physiological and biochemical indices, and genotype [19] .…”