Characterization of C60 and C70 clusters

Cox, D. M.; Behal, S. K.; Disko, M. M.; Gorun, Sergiu M.; Greaney, Mark A.; Hsu, Chang Samuel; Kollin, E. B.; Millar, J. M.; Robbins, John L.

doi:10.1021/ja00008a023

Cited by 275 publications

(88 citation statements)

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“…Previous researchers [126] have observed C 60 in magnesium oxide in an experimental situation similar to that used in the present work. Given this precedent and the data presented above, we believe that the contrast observed in Figure 6-2, for instance, is consistent with single C 60 molecules.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Several previous studies [121,126] show HRTEM images of circular structures and treat them as though they were fullerene molecules. In contrast, Ajayan et al [127] argue that a similar structure must be a singlewalled nanotube aligned perpendicular to the plane of the image because its contrast is similar to that of a polygonized carbon tube structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combustion synthesis of fullerenes and fullerenic nanostructures

Goel

Hebgen

Sande

et al. 2002

Carbon

117

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Fullerenes are molecules comprised entirely of sp 2 -bonded carbon atoms arranged in pentagonal and hexagonal rings to form a hollow, closed-cage structure. Buckyballs, a subset which contains C 60 and C 70 , are single-shell molecules while fullerenic nanostructures can contain many shells and over 300 carbon atoms. Both fullerenes and nanostructures have an array of applications in a wide variety of fields, including medical and consumer products. Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 and were first isolated from the products of a laminar low-pressure premixed benzene/oxygen/argon flame operating at fuel-rich conditions in 1991. Flame studies indicated that fullerene yields depend on operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, residence time, and equivalence ratio. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed that the soot contains nanostructures, including onions and nanotubes.Although flame conditions for forming fullerenes have been identified, the process has not been optimized and many flame environments of potential interest are unstudied. Mechanistic characteristics of fullerene formation remain poorly understood and cost estimation of large-scale production has not been performed. Accordingly, this work focused on: 1) studying fullerene formation in diffusion and premixed flames under new conditions to identify optimal parameters; 2) investigating the reaction of fullerenes with soot; 3) positively identifying C 60 molecules in HRTEM by tethering them to carbon black; and 4) providing a cost estimation for industrial fullerenic soot production.Samples of condensable material from laminar low-pressure benzene/argon/oxygen diffusion flames were collected and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HRTEM. The highest concentration of fullerenes in a flame was always detected just above the height where the fuel is consumed. The percentage of fullerenes in condensable material increases with decreasing pressure and the fullerene content of flames with similar cold gas velocities shows a strong dependence on length. A shorter flame, resulting from higher dilution or lower pressure, favors the formation of fullerenes rather than soot, exhibited by the lower amount of soot and precursors in such flames. This indicates a stronger correlation of fullerene consumption to soot levels than of fullerene formation to precursor concentration. The maximum flame temperature seems to be of minor importance in formation. The overall highest amount of fullerenes was found for a surprisingly high dilution of fuel with argon. The HRTEM analysis showed an increase of the curvature of the carbon layers, and hence increased fullerenic character, with increasing distance from the burner up to the point of maximum fullerene concentration, after which it decreases, consistent with the HPLC analysis. The soot shows highly ordered regions that appear to have been cells of fullerenic nanostructure formation. The samples also included fullerenic nanostructures such as tubes and sp...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion synthesis of fullerenes and fullerenic nanostructures

Goel

Hebgen

Sande

et al. 2002

Carbon

117

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“…8,[51][52][53] Upon optimization of the electrochemical conditions, fifth and sixth reduction waves could be observed on the cyclic voltammetry time scale (see Figure 1). 9,10,54 The relatively even spacing of ca.…”

Section: A Reductive Voltammetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete Fulleride Anions and Fullerenium Cations

2000

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His research interests include reactive cation and superacid chemistry with inert carborane counterions, ionic liquids, bioinorganic chemistry, spin-coupling phenomena, fullerene chemistry, and new carbon-or porphyrin-based materials. He is a Sloan Fellow, a Dreyfus Teacher−Scholar Awardee, and a Guggenheim Fellow. Robert Bolskar received his B.S. degree in Chemistry from Carroll College in Waukesha, WI, in 1992. He earned his Ph.D. degree at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles under the direction of Christopher Reed in 1997, investigating the synthetic redox chemistry of fullerene anions and cations. In 1998 he moved to the University of California, Riverside, as Managing Research Associate. He is currently Senior Chemist at TDA Research in Wheat Ridge, CO. His research interests include the chemistry and physics of fullerene compounds, supramolecular chemistry, strongly oxidizing systems, and electrophilic cations.

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“…Yan et al suggested that perfluorophenyl azide (PFPA) is effectively worked for the immobilization of the carbon materials [27][28][29][30][31] and we also reported the immobilization of C 60 -fullerene (C60) on the surface of a silica monolith [32][33][34]. Additionally, we recently reported similar silica-monolithic capillary modified with C 70 -fullerene (C70), which has aspheric structure and greater π electrons compared to C60 [35][36][37], for the separation medium in LC [38]. In these our studies, the fullerene bonded monoliths provided the specific retention behavior, in brief, the C70 bonded monolith provided the higher selectivity for hemispherical molecule, corannulene (Crn) by the induced dipole interaction between C70 and Crn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Development of a C<sub>70</sub>-Fullerene Bonded Silica-Monolithic Capillary and Its Retention Characteristics in Liquid Chromatography

et al. 2017

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In this report, C 70 -fullerene (C70), which has aspheric structure and greater π electrons compared to C 60 -fullerene (C60), was effectively immobilized onto the surface of a silica-monolithic capillary, and then the retention characteristics for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to π-π interaction were evaluated in liquid chromatography (LC). For the immobilization of C70, a C70 derivative via thermal reactive agent, perfluorophenylazide (PFPA) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) was synthesized. In comparison with a typical thermal reaction in an oil bath and a microwave, the latter reaction provided higher yield. Then, both the C70 and C60 monoliths were evaluated by LC with a variety of PAHs as the solutes. The results suggested that the specific interactions, such as dipole and induced dipole interactions were contributed between the bonded C70 and PAHs. Absorption spectra of PAHs with C60 or C70 and a computer simulation also supported these interactions. Furthermore, the comparison of the separations for PAHs and brominated benzenes with the C70 column and a porous graphite carbon packed column suggested that the interactions based on the polarization of the molecules contributed the separations.

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Characterization of C60 and C70 clusters

Cited by 275 publications

References 0 publications

Combustion synthesis of fullerenes and fullerenic nanostructures

Combustion synthesis of fullerenes and fullerenic nanostructures

Discrete Fulleride Anions and Fullerenium Cations

Development of a C<sub>70</sub>-Fullerene Bonded Silica-Monolithic Capillary and Its Retention Characteristics in Liquid Chromatography

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