Characterization of atmospheric trace gases and particulate matter in Hangzhou, China

Zhang, Gen; Xu, Hui; Qi, Bing; Du, Rongguang; Gui, Ke; Wang, Hongli; Jiang, Wanting; Liang, Liu; Xu, Wanyun

doi:10.5194/acp-18-1705-2018

Cited by 54 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Similar reasons to PM could explicate these monthly patterns which are a combined effect of enhanced pollutant discharge and relatively stable synoptic conditions in winter. Last but not least, a stronger photochemistry reaction can remove the gases quickly from the atmosphere whereas it is least active and decelerates the transformation of primary gaseous pollutants during cold months [13,37]. Compared to that in 2014, the concentrations of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , and CO in 2015 exhibits a marked decline in almost four seasons owing to a series of policies released by local government, while NO 2 concentration in the autumn of 2015 shows the abnormal increase.…”

Section: Seasonal and Monthly Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Variations and Factors of Air Quality in Urban Central China during 2013–2015

Mao

Zhang

Shao

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Section: Seasonal and Monthly Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Variations and Factors of Air Quality in Urban Central China during 2013–2015

Mao

Zhang

Shao

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…The focal city of this study is Hangzhou—one of the central cities of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. We explored its atmospheric environment and found that, as a tourist city, Hangzhou’s air quality condition was not satisfactory [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. Liu et al [ 26 ] analyzed the atmospheric PM 2.5 concentration and variation in Hangzhou from 2011 to 2014 and concluded that the peak occurred in 2013 (52.2 µg m −3 ) and was closely related to motor vehicle emissions and changes in meteorological conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Changes in PM2.5 and Their Relationships with Land-Use and People in Hangzhou

Tian

Hou

Chen

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Increases in the extent and level of air pollution in Chinese cities have become a major concern of the public and burden on the government. While ample literature has focused on the status, changes and causes of air pollution (particularly on PM2.5 and PM10), significantly less is known on their effects on people. In this study we used Hangzhou, China, as our testbed to assess the direct impact of PM2.5 on youth populations that are more vulnerable to pollution. We used the ground monitoring data of air quality and Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) product from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the spatiotemporal changes of PM2.5 by season in 2015. We further explored these distributions with land cover, population density and schools (kindergarten, primary school and middle school) to explore the potential impacts in seeking potential mitigation solutions. We found that the seasonal variation of PM2.5 concentration was winter > spring > autumn > summer. In Hangzhou, the percentage of land area exposed to PM2.5 > 50 µg m−3 accounted for 59.86% in winter, 56.62% in spring, 40.44% in autumn and 0% in summer, whereas these figures for PM2.5 of <35 µg m−3 were 70.01%, 5.28%, 5.17%, 4.16% in summer, winter, autumn and spring, respectively. As for land cover, forest experienced PM2.5 of 35–50 µg m−3 (i.e., lower than those of other cover types), likely due to the potential filtering and absorption function of the forests. More importantly, a quantitative index based on population-weighted exposure level (pwel) indicated that only 9.06% of the population lived in areas that met the national air quality standards. Only 1.66% (14,055) of infants and juveniles lived in areas with PM2.5 of <35 µg m−3. Considering the legacy effects of PM2.5 over the long-term, we highly recommend improving the monitoring systems for both air quality and people (i.e., their health conditions), with special attention paid to infants and juveniles.

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“…PAN was measured by a modified gas chromatography (Agilent 7890B, USA) equipped with electron capture detector, which has been described in our previous studies in details (Zhang et al, 2012a;Zhang et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2015). Trace gases including O 3 , SO 2 , NO x , and CO were detected by a set of commercial trace gas analyzers (Thermo Environmental Instruments Inc., USA i-series 49i, 43i, 42i, and 48i), respectively (Zhang et al, 2018). Ambient VOCs were measured by using an on-line gas chromatography (Syntech Spectras Instrument Co., Ltd., The Netherlands) coupled with dual detectors (Photo Ionization Detector (PID) and flame ionization detector (FID) for quantifying C 2 -C 5 VOCs (GC955 series 811) and PID for detecting C 6 -C 12 VOCs (GC955 series 611).…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Complex atmospheric pollution including particulate and photochemical pollution (ozone (O 3 ) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)) is a pervasive environmental issue in eastern China (Geng et al, 2007;Ding et al, 2013;Mo et al, 2015;Li et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2018). Numerous mitigation strategies have been released by the Chinese government, such as the nationwide application of flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) devices in power plants after 2006 (Feng et al, 2014) and "Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan" in 2013 (Zhang et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the inconsistent variations in atmospheric primary and secondary pollutants during the G20 2016 Summit in Hangzhou, China: implications from observation and model

Zhang¹,

Xu²,

Wang³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Complex aerosol and photochemical pollution (ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)) frequently occur in eastern China and mitigation strategies to effectively alleviate both kinds of pollution are urgently needed. Although the effectiveness of powerful control measures implemented by the Chinese State Council has been comprehensively evaluated on reducing atmospheric primary pollutants, the effectiveness on mitigating photochemical pollution is less assessed and therein the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. The stringent emission controls implemented from 24 August to 6 September 2016 during the summit for Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (G20) provides us a unique opportunity to address this issue. Surface concentrations of atmospheric O3, PAN, and their precursors including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen dioxides (NOx), in addition to the other trace gases and particulate matter were measured at the National Reference Climatological Station (NRCS) (30.22&#176;&#8201;N, 120.17&#176;&#8201;E, 41.7&#8201;m&#8201;a.s.l.) in urban Hangzhou. We found significant decreases in atmospheric PAN, NOx, the total VOCs, PM2.5, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) under the unfavorable meteorological condition during G20 (DG20) relative to the adjacent period before and after G20 (BG20 and AG20), indicating that the powerful control measures have taken into effect on reducing the pollutants emissions in Hangzhou. Unlike with the other pollutants, daily maximum average-8&#8201;h (DMA8) O3 exhibited a slight increase and then decrease from BG20 to AG20, which was mainly attributed to the variation in the solar irradiation intensity and regional transport besides the contribution from the implement of stringent control measures. Results from observation-based chemical model (OBM) indicated that acetaldehyde and methyl glyoxal (MGLY) were the most important second-generation precursors of PAN, accounting for 37.3&#8211;51.6&#8201;% and 22.8&#8201;%&#8211;29.5&#8201;% of the total production rates including the reactions of OVOCs, propagation of other radicals, and the other minor sources. Moreover, we confirmed the productions of PAN and O3 were both sensitive to VOCs throughout the whole period, specifically dominated by aromatics in BG20 and DG20 but alkenes in AG20. These findings suggested that reducing emissions of aromatics, alkenes, and alkanes would mitigate photochemical pollution including PAN and O3. Source appointment results attribute the reductions of VOCs source and ozone formation potentials (OFP) during G20 to the effective emission controls on traffic (vehicle exhaust) and industrial processes (solvent utilization and industrial manufacturing). However, fuel combustion and biogenic emission both weakened such effect with sizeable contribution on the VOCs mixing ratios (18.8&#8201;% and 20.9&#8201;%) and OFPs (25.6&#8201;% and 17.8&#8201;%), especially during the latter part of G20 (G20 II) when anthropogenic VOCs were substantially reduced. This study highlights the effectiveness of stringent emission controls in relation to traffic and industrial sources, but a coordinated program related with controlling fuel combustion and biogenic emissions is also required on addressing secondary pollution.

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Characterization of atmospheric trace gases and particulate matter in Hangzhou, China

Cited by 54 publications

References 90 publications

Spatiotemporal Variations and Factors of Air Quality in Urban Central China during 2013–2015

Spatiotemporal Variations and Factors of Air Quality in Urban Central China during 2013–2015

Spatiotemporal Changes in PM2.5 and Their Relationships with Land-Use and People in Hangzhou

Exploring the inconsistent variations in atmospheric primary and secondary pollutants during the G20 2016 Summit in Hangzhou, China: implications from observation and model

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