Characterization and Classification of Atmospheric Sulfates

Lead contamination in smelting and mining environments and variations in chemical forms and bioavailability

“…The major phases of exhaust particles are PbBrCl, 2PbBrCl.NH 4 Cl and PbBrC1.2NH 4 Cl (Post and Buseck, 1985). However, these compounds undergo rapid chemical transformation into PbC0 3 , Pb oxides and PbS0 4 (Biggins and Harrison, 1979;TerHaar and Bayard, 1971;Olson and Skogerboe, 1975;Fergusson and Kim, 1991).…”

“…These compounds are thought to form in the stack from lead fume, S0 2 and hot air (Biggins and Harrison, 1979). Other Pb species associated with smelting activities include: PbO, PbS, PbC0 3 , (Pb0) 2 PbC0 3 , Pb metal and Pb silicates (O'Neill et al, 1982;Corrin and Natusch, 1979;Harrison et al, 1981;Harrison and Williams, 1983;Nriagu, 1978).…”

Reference Particles for Toxicological Studies of Wood Combustion: Formation, Characteristics, and Toxicity Compared to Those of Real Wood Combustion Particulate Mass

“…Zinc concentration was approximately 6% of the PM 1 . Zinc was (15,50,150, and 300 mg mL −1 ); whiskers are the standard error of the mean (SEM). The asterisks indicate statistical significance compared to the blank substrate control (p < 0.05) by ANOVA and Dunnett's test.…”

“…To suspend the particles, the sample was sonicated in an ultrasonic water bath (FinnSonic m03, FinnSonic Ltd., Finland) for 30 min below +35°C. Mouse RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed for 24 h to four doses (15,50,150, and 300 μg mL Exposures of the cells to the particulate samples were made in three independent experiments, which included the blank substrate (dose 150 μg mL −1 ), water (dose 1.7 mM), and DMSO (dose 41.1 μM) control. After the 24 h exposure, the macrophages were scraped from the wells.…”

Recent Advances In Air Pollution Analysis

“…These workers have also reported the identification of a range of sulfate compounds in the atmosphere, mostly by XRD techniques. 329 An alternative means of particle fractionation is the use of a density gradient, as reported by Fukasawa et al 330 who identified a number of minerals in urban air using this technique.…”